Capital Punishment, Is The Execution Of Criminals By The State, For Co

Capital punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for committing crimes, regarded as the worst possible crimes that this is the only acceptable punishment around. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but its value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has risen to an average of 80% according to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled Death penalty debate centers on retribution. This figure is slightly lower in Canada where support for the death penalty is at 72% of the population over 18 years of age, as stated in article by Kirk Makir, in the March 26, 1987 edition of the Globe and Mail, titled B.C MPs split on Death Penalty. The death penalty deters murder by putting the fear of death into would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to them. Another way the death penalty deters murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill again. Most supporters of the death penalty feel that offenders should be punished for their crimes, and that it does not matter whether it will deter the crime rate. Supporters of the death penalty are in favor of making examples out of offenders, and that the threat of death will be enough to deter the crime rate, but the crime rate is still not as important. According to a study done by Isaac Ehrlich, published on April 16, 1976, eight murders are deterred for each execution that is carried out in the United States. He then goes on to say If one execution of a guilty capital murder deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is justified. To most supporters of the death penalty, like Ehrlich, if even one life is saved, for countless executions of the guilty, it is a good reason for the death penalty. The theory that society engages in murder when executing the guilty is considered to be not important by most supporters, including Ehrlich. He feels that execution of convicted offenders expresses the great value society places on innocent life. Issac Dhrlich goes on to state that racism is also a point used by death penalty advocates. I will use the U.S. as an example sense I can not look at the inmates on death row in Canada. Reason being there are laws in Canada that state that crime statistics can not be based on race, also the fact that there are no inmates on death row in Canada at this time. In the U.S. 16 out of every 1,000 whites arrested for murder are sentenced to death, while 12 of 1,000 blacks arrested for murder were sentenced to death. 1.1% of black inmates on death row were executed, while 1.7% or white inmates will die. Another cry for racism as according to Ehrilich, which is raised by advocates of the death penalty, is based on the color of the victim. For example if the victim is white, it is more likely that the offender will get the death penalty than if the victim had been black. This is true, if you look at the actual number of people who are murdered. More people kill whites and get the death penalty, then people who kill blacks and get the death penalty. The reason for this is that more whites are killed, and the murderers captured. Now if we look at the number of blacks killed it is a lot less. But you have to look at these numbers the same way. Percent wise it is almost the same number for any race, so this in not the issue. In a 1986 study done by professor Stephen K. Layson of the University of North Carolina, the conclusions made by Ehrilich were updated, and showed to be a little on the low side as far as the deterrence factor of capital punishment. Professor Layson found that 18 murders were deterred by each execution in the U.S. He also found that executions increase in probability of arrest, conviction, and other executions of major offenders. According to a

karla Hamolka and the murder essays

karla Hamolka and the murder essays Karla was obsessed with Paul's happiness. Her greatest fear was that she would not be able to hold onto this wild and thrilling man who was to become her husband. When he would become bored or distracted, she would either do something to excite him or find another person for him to get excited about. Paul harped continually that Tammy was no longer available to him for his sexual pleasure and blamed Karla for causing her death. Karla searched for a replacement for Tammy - someone very young and virginal. Karla knew just the right person, a teenager named Jane, who looked very much like Karla's dead sister Tammy. Jane would be Karla's wedding gift to Paul. Jane idolized Karla as a beautiful, sophisticated role model and gratefully accepted Karla's invitation to the Bernardos' new home they rented at 57 Bayview. The first evening, Karla took Jane to dinner and spent hours talking to her and plying her with sweet alcoholic drinks. Jane passed out and slept deeply. After Jane had passed out from the Halcion tablets that Karla had put in her drinks, Karla called Paul over for his surprise gift. He was thrilled when he saw how much Jane resembled Tammy and she was a virgin as well. He was a bit concerned that Karla was using the same halothane that killed Tammy to subdue Jane, but Karla convinced him that she was in control of the situation this time around. Once they undressed Jane, Paul videotaped Karla as she made love to the sleeping girl. Then Paul took her virginity. With that accomplished and memorialized in the videotape, he moved on to his favorite fun - a brutal kind of anal sex. Jane was so drugged that she did not wake up during the whole ordeal. Karla was left to clean the blood off the fifteen-year-old girl and put her to bed for the night. The next morning, Jane, who was very sick to her stomach and understandably sore, met Paul, she thought for the first time. Jane had no idea what had really happened to her. ...

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Final Exam - Essay Example Tyrants consolidate powers that they use in ruling the masses to accept what they impose. One of the characters that prove that Pericles was not a tyrant is his approach of doing things. For instance, he was able to use the majority of the people in the assembly to pass resolutions that restricted Areopagus when his main political challenger was away in Sparta. The resolutions were not meant to benefit him but were for the good of the citizens. He managed to pass legislation that gave people powers and created institutions where citizens would have the rights of voting and to contest for political positions (History World 12). Therefore, he managed to overcome tyrant’s characters by widening the democratic space for citizens. Secondly, Pericles was a changed leader once he took over leadership. He was willing to give back to the people hence attracted more citizens who came to his support. This is also evidenced when King of Sparta, Archidamus, asked Thucydides whether he was a better fighter than Pericles. He answered that Pericles was better because he can convince the audience that he has won in cases where he is defeated. He was also above reproach by citizens since he was clean from corruption (History World 15). The character he displays does not portray one who is a tyrant, but an individual who consults with others in doing things. In other instances, Thucydides had admired the leadership style of Pericles where he acknowledges that Athen was in the name of democracy with first citizens governing it. Through this comment, he acknowledges the charismatic leadership style which Pericles showed where he was able to convince and manipulate. Similarly, there is no accusation labeled against Pericles, but instead his opponent focuses on his integrity (History World 16). Lastly, Pericles was not carried away by people; instead, he provided guidance to the people. He acted as a public charismatic figure and as an advocate on the advisors proposals.

Bank analysis paper-Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bank analysis paper-Economics - Essay Example The second part is done in order to get an idea about the safety and soundness of Citibank Las Vegas branch from a depositor’s perspective. There are a number of ways to examine the profitability of a bank; for example, for measuring the after-tax rates of return, ROA (the return on assets) and ROC (the return on capital), are extensively utilized for testing the performance of banks. The analysts and regulators of the bank use these measures in order to assess the performance of other players in the industry as well as to forecast trends in market structure. This helps them to gather data to predict bank failures and mergers, and also to come up with a strategy that serves the interests of their bank well. Return on assets (ROA) of a firm is an indicator of how profitable the firm is relative to its total assets, and is calculated by dividing the net income of the firm by its total assets. ROA gives us an idea about how efficient the management of the firm is at generating earnings by using its assets. A higher ROA percentage is considered better as this means that the same level of investment is yielding more earnings for the firm. Citibank’s net income in the year 2009 was $107,923,000,000, and its total assets were worth $1,161,361,000,000. This results in a ROA of 9.3% for the year 2009 which is considerably higher than the ROA recorded in 2008 (74,767Mn/1,227,040Mn = 6.1%). This suggests that there has been a rise in Citibank’s ability to earn with lesser amounts of input i.e. the profitability of Citibank has increased. Return on Capital (ROC), on the other hand, is a measure of how efficiently a firm uses the money that has being invested in its processes. It is being measured by the division of net income and the total capital. ROC should always be greater than the rate at which the firm borrows money. This is to ensure that an

707 week 9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

707 week 9 - Assignment Example Demographic factors such as age, gender, level of education, and area of residence are other possible variables for the study. Mean, range, and standard deviation will be calculated for both self-efficacy score, age and educational sessions because the variables are measured on a ratio scale that allows for calculation of the descriptive statistics (Heavey, 2011). Frequency and percentage will be used gender, level of education, and area of residence because of the variables are measured on ordinal scale of the variables. Lack of equal interval on magnitude and absolute zero property does not allow to use mean, range, and stanadard deviation in describing he variables (Heavey, 2011). The task force could use a t-test to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy score and number of educational session. The statistic would test a hypothesis for significance of a relationship between the two variables (Heavey,

The Eye 2002 And 2006 Movie Comparison

The Eye 2002 And 2006 Movie Comparison 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction To make sure the research can be done in correct way with relevant content. Researcher can use relevant article, journal even theory to provide an idea or evidence of the research topic so that credibility and accuracy of the works can be increased. Thus, literature review is one of the important parts in completing research. 2.2 Horror Films According to the journal of Tim Dirks (1996), horror films are unsettling films designed to frighten, panic and dread to invoke people hidden worst fears while captivating and entertaining people at the same time in a cathartic experience. Horror films effectively centre on the dark side of life, the forbidden, strange and alarming events. Thus, it deals with people most primal nature and fears, nightmares, vulnerability, alienation, revulsions, fear of death and dismemberment, loss of identity and fear of sexuality. From the earliest days, people used their vivid imaginations to see ghost in shadowy shapes, emotionally connected to the unknown and fear things that are improbable. People can get into an outlet for the feeling of fear itself without actually being in danger by watching horror films. Theres a very real thrill and fun factor in being scared when watching horrific images. A good horror film does not need complex technology special effects to produce in some situations. This is because when horror films done with less reliance on horrify special effects, it can be extremely effective film forms which tapping into people dream states the horror within man himself or unknown. The earliest horror films were in Gothic style, which means they were usually set in fog-shrouded, spooky old mansions, or castles, dark and shadowy locales. For the main characters have included supernatural or grotesque creatures, monsters, vampires, devils, ghosts, zombies, demons even an unknown human. Horror films can be developed from several sources such as folktales with witchcrafts, devil characters, myths, fables, ghost stories and novels. In horror films, the irrational forces of horror invariably need to be defeated. These films normally will end with a return to normalcy and victory over the antagonism. 2.2.1 Plot Dorian Scott Cole claims that plot is refer to the main plan of the story, the structure of an event to telling what is happening from the beginning to the end of the event. Its also the engine that drives the story forward on the course. It plays an important role in an event like films and literatures. To make a plot of the story, writers need to consider what the character needs and his situation in the story. When the characters are put in a situation, they are going to start working to get what they want. Writers need to get clear with everything in the story so that they can construct the plot clearly without any confusion. There are many types of plot that writers can use to construct their story. One of the famous types of plot that frequently used by writers is Freytags pyramid. Classically Freytags pyramid can be divided into 5 parts which are exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution and denouement. In the exposition, the background information that is needed to understand the story properly is provided. Such information includes protagonist, antagonist, basic conflicts, settings, and so forth. The exposition ends with the inciting moment, which is the single incident in the storys action without which there would be no story. The inciting moment sets the remainder of the story in motion, beginning with the second act, the rising action. During the rising action, the basic conflict is complicated by the introduction of related secondary conflicts, including various obstacles that frustrate the protagonists attempt to reach his or her goal. Secondary conflicts can include adversaries of lesser importance than the storys antagonist, who may work with the antagonist or separately, by and for themselves. The third act is that of the climax, which marks a change, for the better or the worse. If the story is a comedy, things will have gone badly for the protagonist up to this point and things will begin to go well for protagonist. If the story is a tragedy, the opposite state of affairs will ensue, with things going from good to bad for the protagonist. During the falling action, the conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist unravels, with the protagonist winning or losing against the antagonist. The falling action may contain a moment of final suspense, during which the final outcome of the conflict is in doubt. The resolution is the character solves the main problem or conflict or someone solves it for him or her. Everything of the story will be settled in this stage. The comedy ends with a denouement in which the protagonist is better off than he or she was at the storys outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe in which the protagonist is worse off than he or she was at the beginning of the narrative. Writers are very depending on their creativity in composing the flow of plot in order to make the event attractive and interesting. If the plot is not composed in suitable and attractive way, the final event will not in good condition no matter how good the idea is. Thus, there is a big challenge to a writer in composing an interesting plot for a film or literature. 2.2.1.1 Developing a Plot for Horror Films There is a challenge for a writer in developing a plot for horror film. According to Theresa Hoppers journal in 2002, writers need to keep their mind to be original when work out a plot for horror film. Writers can make their writing original by adding own personal take on a familiar plot. There are so many horror plot devices that people familiar with such as happy family moving into haunted houses, naà ¯ve people abusing Ouija boards, charismatic vampires, vengeful witches, demon lovers and so on. These have all been used since the beginning of the genre, but it is not meaning that writer cannot still employ them successfully. They just have to think of a unique way by looking at the subject so that they can give a new life in the old device. Christina Hamlett claims there are several steps in developing a plot for horror film in proper way. First of all, writers need to familiarize themselves with as many horror films as they can and study the techniques that filmmakers like to use to scare their audiences. For example, use fairly ordinary items like dolls, cars, dogs, houses and other daily things and imbue them with extraordinary and malevolent powers. Besides that, they also escalate the suspense and terror by systematically isolating the potential victims, utilizing gruesome visuals and scary sound effects, and playing on the apprehensions that many of people had as children. After that, writers can make a list of the top 10 thing that people are most afraid to according the level of threatening. Then pick the one that absolutely terrifies writer the most and form the basis of the plot. There is a must writer to pick out the scariest object for them in order to develop the story with true feeling. If not they will no t able to develop the story that really touch audience because writers even not able to persuade themselves the story or the object is scary. Once the object has been chosen as the main things in horror film then writers need to outline the scary story before start to write it. Outline is very important part in developing a plot because it helps writers to clarify every single elements or conflicts in the story before they write out the detail things. To outline the scary story, writers need to give the villain in the story a plausible motive for what it does. For example, the villain is seeking revenge against the descendants of the person who killed him, the villain is seeking to avenge the honor of a deceased sweetheart, responding to an ancient curse that forces the main character to do evil things or reacting to the effects of a bad lab experiment. There are so many possible way to let writers develop, it is just depending on the creativity of the writers. To avoid the protagonist in the scary story just simply be reacting to everything that the monster do, writers need to give them some solid motivations. For instanc e, hero needs to accomplish to be thwarted in some way by the presence of the evil forces. He cant simply walk away from this scary conflict because if he does, something even worse could happen as a result. After all the characters basic information and the conflicts between protagonist and antagonist have been developing. It is the time writers indentify the story into 5 parts of the plot which are exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution and denouement. Writers need to get clear with what is happening within the 5 parts of plot. During the moment, writers need to decide how many characters that needed in the storyline and what kinds of locations will be required. Last but not least, the dialogue should always sound natural, horror films tend to have less dialogue in them than other genres because their strength is derived from the scary visuals and action sequences. 2.3 Music in Horror Films Simon Boswell is a music composer who famous for his involvement in several classic horror films. Those involvements are including many by Italian horror master, Dario Argento. According to Boswells statement Music in horror films is probably more powerful than in any other genre, so its good for a composer to do them because he can be very influential on the action. John Hubinette claims that music in horror films is more powerful than in most other films due to the dramatic nature and shifting pace of horror films. The main purpose of horror film is to scare people. To do these by all means possible, filmmakers will not only depend on visual. Even though music is a very important aspect of horror films, it must never distract the audience. The music should fit the action as well that is not perceived as a separate aspect of the film, it should be integrated with the visual and work to seamlessly intensify the events in the film. This is perhaps the reason why music in films is so often overlooked. It the music is well composed and well implemented, it will becomes a part of the overall experience. In the earliest years, orchestral music is the most characteristic type of horror film music. It has been used since the birth of the genre even today orchestral music is the most popular type of music used in horror films, thrillers and adventure films. Theres a reason why orchestra music is so popular and rapid used in horror film until today. Orchestral music has open-endedness and great dynamic range that allows the composer to greatly vary his compositions to follow the event in a film. Another reason could be that orchestra music is very neutral and appeals to a wide audience, but perhaps the main reason is that powerful orchestral music simply works very well when there is a need to convey emotions and set a certain mood. Today, orchestral music is not the only genre used in horror films. Many films differ in this area by using other kinds of music such as synthetic based music and industrial music. For example Blair Witch 2 which uses alternative rock and meal music. This selection of music works pretty well, as it is quite dark, brooding and suits the visual style of the film. In several times, classic orchestral horror music has been replaced with music that would normally never even be considered for a horror film. Perhaps the most extreme case is American Psycho, which mainly uses American 80s rock and pop music. In this film, it becomes obvious that horror films require the right kind of music to function properly. A very odd feeling is produced when Patrick Bateman (the male protagonist) slaughters one of his victims to the tune of Hip to be Square by Huey Lewis and the News. It produces a complete audio-visual dissonance, but when this music decreases the fear factor of this particular scene, it does create a very odd experience, which is probably what the film makers aimed to create. 2.4 Sound Effects in Horror Films Besides music, sound effects are also one of the important elements in horror film. It has the ability to give a big shock to audience and enhance the scary atmosphere in the scene dramatically. Besides that, sound effects helps to make the action in horror film become lively and increase the reality feeling. According to the statement by John Hubinette, he claims that both the music and sound effects are directly linked to the visuals of the film. Music works by accompanying the events in the film to create or adjust a certain mood or atmosphere. Sound effects are usually tied even more closely to the events in the film, most of the cases are applied to intensify or mark direct action such as movements and impact. These sounds are usually exaggerated especially in action film and horror film. Theres a classic example of an exaggerated sound effect which is punches, which often sound like whip lashes when normally filmmakers would produce a barely audible. Although this kind of sound effect might negatively affect the realism of certain events in a film, it does serve to increase the power and intensity of movements, impacts and other actions which is very important especially in horror films that aiming to create a confrontational audio-visual experience. There is also a type of sound effect known as ambient sounds that widely use in horror films nowadays. In horror film, ambient sounds usually insert in looped sequences and used to create a background noise for a scene. Thus, it will looks natural even enhance the particular moods in the scene. There are some examples of ambient sounds that people can found in horror film such as crickets, humming, the wind blowing, thunder and rain. It is also interesting to note that in particular horror films tends to highlight sounds that people would normally not pay attention to, such as a beating heart or someone breathing. This usually happens when there is a single victim being chased or stalked by a monster or ghost. The purpose is to draw audience into the scene and to make it part of the action or put it in the situation of the victim. This tactic works very well in horror film in most of the time. Other than that, silence can also function as a sound effect in some scenes. It can be used when there is a need to create high tension and also be used together with loud musical hits in a turn-taking sequence. Silence has the function that emphasizes the certain atmosphere or situation in the scene instantaneously. Compare with music and sound effects, silence will be the best weapon for filmmaker to draw audiences attention in particular scene. Audiences needs nowadays are become more complicated, they will not satisfy with the effort on visual effect in horror film. Music and sound effects are also the element they concern with. 2.5 Theories and Concept Applied Theories are very important in conducting a research; it helps research to explain certain phenomenon or situation with evidence. Thus, the result of research will be more persuasive once research applied theory in his work. Auteur Model and Feminist Model will be included to analyze the content analysis in this research. 2.5.1 Auteur Model In the 1950s and 60s, the film critic Andrew Sarris became the leading American proponent of what is now called Auteur Theory. Auteur is come from French word which means author. Talk of artistic and the term auteur placed the director centrally as the author of the film. An auteurist critic looks for consistency of theme and design throughout a directors film. If the film maker was to be seen as auteur they would have to exhibit through a series of films clear auteur characteristic. To fulfill the requirement of Auteur model, there are four characteristics author refer to. Firstly, the visual style of the film; which means the Mise en scene and designation of cinematography in the film. Secondly, the narrative structure and feature of the film; which referring to the story genre and the message that bringing by the film. Third, the particular character traits and situation; which referring to the acting style and the performance of actors. The last characteristic is referring to the theme that set in the film. If the filmmaker has reached those entire mentioned characteristic, these characteristics will be clearly seen in all of his work in whatever genre. Gillkings statement claims Alfred Hitchcock as a director frequently studied from an auteur perspective. When Auteur Model was being developed, Alfred Hitchcock was frequently acknowledged as the consummate exemplar. Even his name evokes immediate expectations in terms of themes and techniques. As the master of mystery and suspense, Hitchcocks films play with the audiences nerves, sexuality or tabooed areas assume central or implicit places. For example the latent homosexuality of Strangers on a Train (1951), the Parody of an Oedipus complex in Psycho and the traumatic remembrance of repressed Memories of Marnie (1964). Hitchcock was influenced by the German Expressionists and he admired their ability to express the ideas in purely visual terms. It is the visual expression of thought and psychology that Hitchcock achieves throughout his films. Hitchcocks films are marked by his mastery of cinematic technique which is exemplified in his use of camera viewpoints, elaborate editing and soundtrack to build suspense. There are several example can be found in his films. For the first, Notorious (1946) includes an incredible zoom-in from a high shot to an extreme close-up of a significant plot detail and suspense building inter-cutting of the final scene. Secondly, In a scene in Blackmail (1929), Hitchcock uses a complex pattern of sound and dialogue based around the word knife to reflect feelings of guilt. Besides that, there is a cut from a womans scream to the similar sound of a train whistle in the The Thirty-Nine Steps (1935). In Suspicion (1941), his personal stamp is typified by the use of a light bulb to produce the effect of an ominous, glowing glass of milk. This attribution of symbolic power to inanimate objects is another hallmark of Hitchcock which a bread knife in Blackmail (1929) and a key in Notorious (1946). He a lso places great focus on the creation of set pieces where he is able to exercise his talent for detail and suspense. According to the statement of Gillking, he also claims that Hitchcocks vision of the world is reflected in the themes that predominate in his films. The specific psychology that is presented in the films such as the fascination with wrongful accusation and imprisonment is a significant part of the Hitchcock signature. One of the basic themes is that the mistaken identity, the wrong man accused who must find the real perpetrator in order to prove his innocence for example The Lodger (1926), The Thirty-Nine Steps (1935), North By Northwest (1959) and so on. Other than that, Hitchcock also found visual expression for his themes in recurrent motifs that express his vision of the world like staircases in Strangers On A Train (1951), Vertigo (1958), Psycho (1960), sinister houses in Psycho (1960), chasms in Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959) and National Landmarks that the most obviously in North by Northwest which includes the United Nations Building and Mount Rushmore. Besides Alfred Hitchcock, there are so many directors that under Auteur Theory, such as John Ford from United States, Pang Brothers from Hong Kong, Jack Neo from Singapore. They have their own strong characteristic in directing a film and it is hard to imitate or replace by others. People are familiar with their style even can recognize their film easily with the characteristic of film that mentioned above. 2.5.2 Feminist Model Feminist model is widely used to discover and describe a distinctively female perspective on film, as well as those ways in which the cinema might not be found uniquely pleasurable by female viewers. There are two elements which are psychoanalytic and ideological analysis has blended by Feminist model criticism. The psychoanalytic component is found in attempts to understand the ways cinema arouses the pleasure and desires of its audiences and how this might differ on a gender basis. In the other side, ideological is found in the efforts of feminist criticism to relate the portrayal of women in films to particular social attitudes, assumptions and practices that may be found in the more general society of which those films are a part. According to the statement of Stephen Prince, he claims that Feminist film criticism tends to assume two forms. The first is an analysis and description of how a male-dominated film industry has selectively shaped images of women in films that have been created largely by men. Male director has portrayed womens image in their desired way through the visual spectacle and the use of the close up function in film to present women as erotic object for the contemplation of an ideal male audience. For example, Marilyn Monroe or Marlene Dietrich is the most popular star who is the erotic image for a male audience. She gave the extraordinary visual attention through her body in the film which directed by male director. The second form is closely related to the first, it is the discovery of alternative feminist forms or filmmaking and images of characters. There is a wide range of filmmakers and models of filmmaking to choose by the feminist critic. The critic could examine the work of a director such as Jane Campion, who makes films that are not slotted into particular genres or targeted to be large crowd pleaser employing traditional formulas. Two of her films are The Piano (1993) and Orlando (1993). The Piano (1993) , stars Holly Hunter as a mute, Victorian, unwed mother who travels to New Zealand to fulfill an arranged marriage to an English farmer who living there. The film explores her torturous reception as both a woman and an artist. She have to live in a culture which is alien to her and that places her into the most insensitive and brutal husband. Orlando (1993), this film examines the consequences of gender roles and how they affect the way people live their lives. Sally Potters film is adapted from a Virgina woolf story about a young man during the Elizabethan era who lives for over four centuries without aging but who mysteriously changes into a woman. Orlando has experiences the world from the perspective of each gender through living as both a man and a woman. Orlando comes to appreciate the uniqueness of each genders role and how socially conditioned these roles are. The Piano (1993) and Orlando (1993) are philosophically and aesthetically distinct from male-directed productions. In the unique term of their narrative and image all the perspective brought to gender. Its social definition and impact on sexuality, speech and art, each film offers the pleasures of distinctive female voice in cinema. 2.6 Summary This chapter explains horror films, plot, music, sound effects and 2 theories which are Auteurist Model and Feminist Model with several facts and example. Researcher can learn and understand more about the background of the titles throughout this chapter. By studying all the titles above, it will give researcher a clearer image about what is going to focus in the following chapters. Thus, it also minimizes the chances researcher out of topic when doing this research.

My Senior Year :: essays research papers

My senior year is very important and that is why I must use it efficiently. There are many things I hope to accomplish during my senior year. Graduation is my top priority because if I do not graduate my future will be in jeopardy. Clubs and extra activities are very important for college acceptance. I hope to get certified in the areas in which I have been training for. Getting into college so that I can be successful is the main goal in my life is. I hope to get accepted to a college or university by the end of my senior year. My schedule will be busy but I will hopefully have a future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grades are one of the most important factors of my high school career. My grade point average and my SAT's determine what college I go to. They determine my effort at high school. I must do whatever possible to keep my grade point average above 3.0. My GPA currently is ok, but if I could increase it by just .2 I would be much better off. Grades are very crucial for getting acceptance to college. They are one of the major things that colleges look at to accept you (or so I have been told). So I will keep pushing myself so that my grades will increase this year, making it possible for me to hopefully enter a better school then I can right now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My extra activities are important so that I can get accepted in to colleges instead of other people. I have been training to get certified in computer repair; I hope to finally get certified this year. Work experience and the laptop club are activities that I joined in hope of filling up space on college applications, giving an extra edge (something to make me better then others). Any computer or business related extra activities would help me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College is the main goal of my life. It is a life dream to go to college to get a degree and get a successful job. Everything that I have done until this point is to get to college. During my senior year I plan to apply to many colleges and to take the SAT's to get into college. My GPA and SAT scores will be crucial for me to get into college. With college I will further my business career, making more successful in the field I enjoy doing.

Analysing Carbon Emissions From Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

The anthropogenetic CO2 emanations and planetary heating has alarmed worldly to happen new and better ways to run into the energy demand while cut downing the GHGs. Pakistan is besides badly affected by energy crisis and environmental jobs. Pakistan brick kilns are one of the major fluke gas emanation resources. The intent of this research is to develop a simulation theoretical account to relieve CO2 emanations and utilize it for the production of fertiliser that helps the agribusiness needs and economic system. The widely used MEA dissolver to capture flue gases is replaced by Aqueous Ammonia because the subsequently non merely absorbs all three major acid gases ( CO2, SO2 and NO2 ) to greater extent but besides produces a compound fertiliser from these acid gases which has advantage over other fertilisers and does non pollute the land H2O. It has been found that soaking up efficiency is increased with addition of NH3/CO2 molar ratio. This methodological analysis has been first clip introduced in Pakistan to bring forth a fertiliser from the flue gases of brick kilns. This technique can significantly cut down air pollution and a measure towards sustainability. The phenomenon of planetary heating has changed its form and converted itself to planetary warning. It is due to non merely the monolithic emanation of GHGs in the ambiance but besides deficiency of appropriate direction system to cut down the monolithic sum of the GHG. GHG chiefly consists of CO2, H2O bluess, methane and last but non least choloroflorocarbon. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , about three-quarterss of the addition in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossel fuels. [ IPCC, Climate Change 2001: impacts, version and exposure. Contribution of working group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ; 2001. ] If the C in all the estimated dodo fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 times pre-industrial degree. [ O'Neill BC, Oppenheimer M. Climate Change: Dangerous Climate impacts and the Kyoto proto col, Science 2002 ; 296 ( 5575 ) :1971-2. ] With mention to the IPCC anticipation, the ambiance would incorporate up to 570 ppm of CO2 by the terminal of 2100, doing a rise of mean planetary temperature of around 1.9o ­C and an addition in average sea degree of 3.8 m [ Stewart C, Hessami M.A survey of methods of C dioxide gaining control and sequestration- the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor attack, Energy Convers Manage 2005 ; 46 ; 403-20 ] . Another IPCC studies on CO2 gaining control and storage gives planetary CO2 emanation in 2000 at 23.5GT with about 60 % of this attributed to 7887 beginnings above 100,000 tonne/year including 4942 electrical power Stationss which emitted 10.5GT/year CO2. the staying 40 % emanations were chiefly from transit systems. [ IEA particular study on C dioxide gaining control and storage, IPCC web site: www.ipcc.ch ; 2005 ] . Other than power workss and cars brick kilns are besides lending in environmental pollution. Coal and wood are normally employed in the fabrication of bricks in Pakistan. The burning of coal and wood release C dioxide, methane, C atom, azotic oxide and a assortment of manufactured chemicals that do non happen in nature like Chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, C monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, ( NMHCs ) and nitrogen oxides [ 2 ] . Harmonizing to our appraisal there are more than 1000 brick kilns working in the locality of Lahore. The one-year production of bricks is about 46 million per twelvemonth from more than 6000 brick kilns in Pakistan. The emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. It has been estimated that about 533019 dozenss of untreated nursery gases are emitted from these kilns on one-year footing which contribute in assorted environmental jobs can be observed in table 1. [ 2 ] . The tallness of chimney is besides non high plenty because of which the somberness leans downwards to the land, finally fouling the country.Table 1: CO2 Emissions of states of PakistanState Probationary Division Green Houses Gases Emission ( tons/year ) Green Houses Gases Emission % age Punjab Entire 479467 89.96 Sindh Entire 34332 6.44 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Entire 14745 2.76 Balochistan Entire 4475 0.84 Grand Total 533019 100Figure 1: Pakistan CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita )Figure 2: Word CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita )Emissions from Brick kiln: The emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. The values of GHGs release calculated from the up matching to 6000 brick units established in the state are 139600, 19600, 495200, 2100, 360, 17 and 540 T severally for entire C ( C ) , C dioxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane CH4, azotic oxide ( NO ) , nitrogen dioxide ( N2O ) and NOx. It is apparent that GHGs emanations are dominated by C dioxide ( CO2 ) followed by CO and other non- CO2 gases. Projected parts of GHGs from the Punjab state to the state ‘s entire emanations are highest which can be observed in the Table 1. [ 2 ] . Environmental Issue: Environmental issues due to emanations of pollutants from burning of fossil fuels have turned into planetary jobs, every bit good as air toxics and nursery gases ( GHGs ) . The usage of fossil fuels for energy contributes to a figure of environmental jobs globally. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) [ 1 ] , about three-quarterss of the addition in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossil fuels. Table 2 shows the harmful pollutants released into the ambiance from combustion of fossil fuels. If the C in all of the estimated dodo fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 times pre-industrial degrees [ 2 ] .Table 2: Fossil fuel emanation degrees ( pounds/billion BTU of energy input )Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon dioxide 117000 164000 208000 Carbon monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen oxide 92 448 457 Sulphur oxide 1 1122 2591 Particulates 7 84 2744 Mercury 0.00 0.007 0.016 Entire 117140 165687.007 214000.016 Beginning: EIA Surveies have shown that increased GHG degrees in ambiance are believed to do planetary heating. Among these GHGs, CO2 makes up a high proportion in regard of its sum nowadays in the ambiance, lending 60 per centum of planetary heating effects [ 3 ] .World Consumption of FertilizerWorld fertiliser ingestion increased exponentially in the period 1950- 1990. This growing was spurred by the rise in nutrient demand by increasing universe population. Achieving higher production given the same sum of land can be done through three ways. Turning more land into cultivable land through better irrigation Using High Yielding Seeds ( HYS ) Using fertilisers to better dirt content Improvement in dirt content is the most convenient and often followed method. Furthermore, it has gained widespread usage as nutrient demand rises. The exponential growing in universe fertiliser ingestion experienced a brief downswing in the early 1990 ‘s due to the prostration of fertiliser ingestion in the states of cardinal Europe and the Former Soviet Union, following structural alterations and economic jobs. However station that brief downswing, growing in fertiliser ingestion is once more on the rise and rapid growing is expected to go on in the hereafter. Harmonizing to IFA estimations, the universe fertiliser ingestion is expected to make 199.2mntpa in 2030 from 174.7mntpa in 2015.Figure 3: World Fertilizer ConsumptionMeasure towards SustainabilityIt is clear that CO2 is the chief constituent that is present in surplus more than other pollutants and fouling the environment. To maintain the environment clean such techniques must be employed that non merely capture the CO2 and other gases and besides utilize them to bring forth a valuable merchandise from these flue gases. This thing will assist in economic system an d maintain the environment clean and finally capturing and transition of CO2 from flue gases into a valuable fertiliser ( NH4HCO3 ) is so the first measure towards sustainability.WorkThe Aqueous ammonium hydroxide is used as a dissolver to capture the fluke gases breathing from the brick kiln which non merely captures CO2, but besides SO2 and NOx. The ammonia solution after soaking up was found to incorporate ammonium hydrogen carbonate [ NH4HCO3 ] , ammonium sulphate [ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ] , and ammonium nitrate [ NH4NO3 ] , which comprise a compound fertiliserFigure 4: the fluke gases CO2, SO2 and NOx from the stack of brick kiln are breathing. The reaction of aqueous ammonium hydroxide with CO2 non merely captures CO2 but besides give a by-product ; ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) used a fertiliserAbsorption ability of Aqueous Ammonia Vs MEAMEA ProcessAmine soaking up engineeringThe soaking up engineering which uses amine solution ( MEA ) is being used in natural gas industry f or 60 old ages and is considered as a mature engineering. Natural gas industry utilizes MEA to absorb CO2 from natural gas. The remotion of CO2 from burning fluke gas can be done by a figure of commercial MEA soaking up processes. In an absorbent, the MEA solution is allowed to hold a contact with fluke gas which consequences in the soaking up of CO2. When used in a power works, CO2 is entrapped by the dissolver while the fluke gas is bubbled through the dissolver in a jammed absorber column. Subsequently the captive CO2 is stripped off of the dissolver by counter fluxing steam at 100 to 200 grade Celsius in a regenerator unit. CO2 watercourse is concentrated ( up to 99 % ) due to the vaporization of H2O bluess and this watercourse can subsequently be compressed for commercial applications or storage. The procedure is economically hapless as it calls for a big equipment and intensive energy input. Recycle rate of CO2 for MEA is 98 % : The basic reaction for this procedure is: C2H4OHNH2+H2O+CO2>C2H4OHNH3++HCO3-Disadvantages of MEA procedureMEA procedure bears some defects which are: 1. Loading capacity of CO2 is little 2. Equipments confronts high corrosion rates 3. High absorptive make-up rate is generated by amine debasement chiefly because of SO2, NO2, HCl, HF and O in fluke gas 4. Energy ingestion is really high particularly during high temperature absorbent regeneration When the CO2 is entrapped from coal or crude oil derived burning fluke gas, hints of sulphur dioxide should besides be removed to avoid debasement of MEA by SO2 and O meanwhile irreversible debasement merchandises are constituted. The cost of MEA procedure is high on history of debasement even if all of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas by using a desulphurization unit. Oxides of N should besides be dispatched organize the fluke gas to maintain up the emanation bounds.Figure 5: Degradation MEA by CO2 and O2The cost of MEA make-up is high because of debasement, even after most of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas in an upstream fluke gas desulphurization unit. NOx must besides be finally removed from the fluke gas before it is discharged into the air in order to run into present and future gaseous emanation bounds.Advantages of Aqueous Ammonia over MEAReplacement of widely used MEA procedure by individual Aqua Ammonia procedure can ensue in the gaining control of all three maj or acid gases along with HCl and HF which might be in the fluke gas. Since emanations of SO2 and NOx must maintain up certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure is more than plenty to cut down the capital cost by capturing all the acid gases and besides simplify the complexness of emanation control system. Presently there is no emanation bound on CO2 but clip is non far off when it will besides hold a restricted emanation bound. Sulpher dioxide and O in flue gases can bring on equipment corrosion ; the Aqua Ammonia Process can acquire over this job by cut downing absorptive make-up rate. Another advantage of the Aqua Ammonia procedure over the MEA procedure is that the energy demand for absorptive regeneration is predicted to be really low. Beforehand it was approximated that thermic energy ingestion for CO2 regeneration utilizing the Aqua Ammonia Process could be at least 75 % less than the MEA procedure. Many other economical grounds are besides at that place to back up the ammonium hydroxide procedure The profitable by-products, ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) ammonium sulphate ( ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ) and ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3 ) are produced, used as a fertiliserAdvantage of production of NH4HCO3China had been preferring ammonium carbonate as a N fertiliser for about 30 old ages. It is already elaborated that when ammonium carbonate is used as a nitrogen fertiliser deep in the dirt its action of work is merely similar urea and ammonium sulfate. As we know that carbonates react with alkalic Earth minerals ( Ca, Mg ) ensuing in the formation of carbonated minerals. Excessive usage of land H2O may do high degrees of alkaline minerals in dirts as in the western United States ; the hydrogen carbonate from ammonium carbonate non merely neutralizes alkalic species but besides deoxidizes salt into stable compounds like H2O and Ca carbonate. HCO3-+Ca2++OH->H2O+CaCO3v Solid merchandises like CaCO3 are a absolutely stable signifier of cloistered CO2 ( Fig. ) . Furthermore, dirt had a capableness to move as a engagement stuff which held back NH4+ but allow HCO3- dribble down with rainfalls or irrigation to land H2O which was already enriched with alkalic minerals Ca2+ . Consequently carbonates reacted with alkalic minerals in land H2O ensuing in the deposition of carbonated minerals in the undersoil Earth bed ( fig. 5A ) . Dirt atoms are negatively charged therefore it attracts positively charged ions but repel negative ions due to its higher affinity for positively charged species ( NH4+ ) as compared to negatively charged species ( HCO3- ) .Figure 6:There upon when ammonium nitrate is used as a fertiliser, NO3- over flows with H2O which non merely consequences in the want of the fertiliser but besides taint of land H2O. Carbonates are non as unsafe species as nitrates because those do non do wellness jobs therefore NH4HCO3 and ( NH2 ) 2CO are preferred fertilisers. Groundwater motion takes carbonates to the Earth subsurface every bit deep as 500 to 1000 m where they deposits as carbonated mineralsFigure 7: Loss of fertiliser and taint of land H2O by utilizing NH4NO3It is obvious that use of NH4NO3 as fertiliser contaminates the land H2O and NO3- is easy run off where as when NH4HCO3 is used as a fertiliser could cut down the job of NO3- overflow and does non pollute the land H2O.MethodologyAqueous Ammonia ProcedureIt has been proposed that the widely utilised MEA procedure is replaced with aqueous ammonium hydroxide procedure to capture all three major acid gases ( SO2, NOx, CO2 ) plus HCl and HF, which may co-exist in the fluke gas. Since SO2 and NOx emanations must stay by with certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure to capture all acidic gases is expected to cut down the sum cost and complexness of emanation control systems. Unlike the MEA procedure, the Aqua Ammonia Process ( AAP ) is non expected to hold absorptive debasement jobs that are caused by sulfur dioxide and O in fluke gas nor is it expected to do equipment corrosion. The application of ammonium hydroxide for coincident decrease of SO2, NOx and quicksilver has besides been reported [ 31 ] . Different theoretical accounts and methods have been proposed and tested. In our theoretical account, we have chosen Aqueous ammonium hydroxide as the dissolver. The theoretical account was developed on HYSYS 3.2. General NRTL was selected as the fluid bundle. This unstable bundle is rather various and it non merely accommodates the belongingss of our system constituents but besides the aqueous and assorted solvent systems. The flow-sheet of our theoretical account is shown in Fig. 3 Flue gas enters the absorber from the underside to the top through the absorber where interacts in counter-clock manner with aqueous ammonium hydroxide dissolver ( NH3+H2O )Table 3: Flue gas composing from brick kilnSr. Number Component Mole Percentage 1 N2 71 2 Carbon dioxide 6.06 3 Carbon monoxide 3.94 4 NO2 8.89 5 Water 3.11 6 H2 2.12 7 SO2 4.88Procedure ChemistryThe procedure of soaking up of CO2 by aqueous ammonium hydroxide involves a complex chemical gas-liquid reaction [ 1 ] , whose general chemical reaction look follows: NH3+H2O+CO2>NH4HCO3 ( 1 ) In fact, there are a series of in-between reaction procedures incorporated: NH3+CO2>NH2COONH4 ( 2 ) NH2COONH4 hydrolyzes into NH4HCO3:NH2COONH4+H2O>NH4HCO3+NH3 ( 3 ) Besides, ammonium hydroxides can respond with H2O to make NH4OH: NH3+H2O>NH4OH ( 4 ) NH4HCO3 produced by hydrolytic reaction will respond with NH4OH to make ( NH4 ) 2CO3: NH4HCO3+NH4OH> ( NH4 ) 2CO3 ( 5 ) ( NH4 ) 2CO3 absorbs CO2 and creates NH4HCO3 ( NH4 ) 2CO3+H2O+CO2>2NH4HCO3 ( 6 ) Spraying aqueous ammonium hydroxide into fluke gas non merely captures CO2 but besides absorbs hints of SOx and NOx from the fluke gas in conformity with the undermentioned chemical equations: NOx+SOx+H2O>HNO3+H2SO4 ( 7 ) HNO3+H2SO4+NH3>NH4NO3+ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ( 8 ) The merchandise formed ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) has been used as a N fertiliser in China for over 30 old ages. It has been good demonstrated that when NH4HCO3 is placed into deep dirt, its nitrogen fertilisation consequence on harvests is similar to that of other N fertilisers, such as ( NH4 ) 2SO4 and urea. The intent of this work is to relieve the emanation of CO2 from the selected brick kiln, as this gas is among the major perpetrators doing green-house consequence which has finally resulted in drastic and black conditions alterations and temperature-rise to alarming degrees across the Earth. Each twelvemonth the add-on of Carbon dioxide entirely from the brick industry of Pakistan is 35072.65. Gas soaking up has so far been the most utile and advantageous technique which has been covered good in the subdivision station C techniques. Experimental The CO2 soaking up rate surveies were performed in an absorber in dynamic simulation environment on hysys 3.2. shown in Figure 3. The temperature of gases breathing from top of the brick kilns is in the scope of 120 to 150 & A ; deg ; C. The composing of the flue gasses were found utilizing industrial burning and emanation analyser ( E8500, USA ) which is shown in Table 2. Aqueous Ammonia solution is passed through a ice chest in order to diminish the temperature of aqueous ammonium hydroxide temperature, as it gives best consequence at low temperature, introduced from top of the column through valve. The fluke gas is introduced through from the underside of an absorber through a pump that increases its flow rate. In absorber counter flow soaking up takes topographic point and as a consequence, most of the CO2, SOx and NOx are absorbed and a by-product, NH4HCO3, is produced, which is widely used as fertiliser.Figure 8: Procedure flow sheetAbsorber DesignIn our Hysys theoretical accou nt we selected an absorber for the soaking up of flue gases. We used different temperature force per unit area conditions for absorber in order to the happen the best soaking up efficiency and cipher the no. of phases. We found that after nine plates the soaking up efficiency is decreased as shown in graph, and maximal soaking up is achieved utilizing aqueous ammonium hydroxide in an absorber of nine home bases.Figure 9: No of phases Vs mole fraction of CO2 absorbedIn our HYSYS theoretical account, we varied different parametric quantities ( i.e. Temperature, Pressure, Flow-rate, Aqueous Ammonia concentration etc. ) and examined the resulting per centum of CO2 absorbed.Consequences and DiscussionThe rate of soaking up is affected by variables such as temperature, force per unit area, flow-rate, solvent per centum etc. all these variables were manipulated to analyze their consequence on soaking up with the aid of ensuing tabular arraies and tendencies. The consequences of all these p arametric alterations are discussed one by one.Consequence of Flow rate on CO2 Absorption:The consequences obtained by simulation of our HYSYS theoretical account show understanding with the standard findings that there is addition in soaking up with that of addition in flow rate. In our HYSYS theoretical account, we used different flow-rates and it has been found that soaking up efficiency is increased with addition of NH3/CO2 molar ratio as shown in Fig. At about a NH3/CO2 molar ratio of approximately 1.5, the highest CO2 soaking up efficiency was measured at approximately 97 % and 100 % for instance of NOx and SOx. In our simulation theoretical account at 230kgmole/hr the maximal soaking up of 97 % of CO2 is observed. At high flow rate i.e. after 230 kilogram mol/hr the consequence of flow rate on soaking up does non demo the same increasing tendency. Model with different fluctuation of temperature was simulated but here the coincident consequence of flow rate between 20 & A ; de g ; C to 30 & A ; deg ; C on soaking up of CO2 have been shownFigure 10: Molar ratio of NH3/CO2 Vs CO2 Absorbed %Figure 11: Consequence of flow rate of Aq.NH3 on soaking up of CO2Consequence of Temperature on CO2 Absorption:It is a good known fact that temperature is reciprocally related to the rate of soaking up, our simulation theoretical account besides gives the correspondent consequences. The system temperature was varied from 15 & A ; deg ; C to 40 & A ; deg ; C with different solvent per centum ( 10.5 % , 14 % and 20 % ) and there was a grade lessening in soaking up rate with the increasing temperature and addition in soaking up with lessening in temperature. The ensuing graph is shown.Figure 10: Consequence of Temperature on CO2 soaking upConsequence of NH3 concentration in solution on soaking up rateThe effects of ammonia concentration on CO2 soaking up rate are shown in graph. As the CO2 soaking up reaction progresses, the rates are higher for the solutions with higher amm onium hydroxide concentrations. As expected, CO2 took longer to divide through the solutions holding higher ammonia concentration. For overall absorptive of CO2, the information forms indicate out that it is more advantageous to utilize a higher concentration ammonia solution as CO2 absorbent. The decisions are the same at all three reaction temperatures. By utilizing 20 % AA at 15 & A ; deg ; C 96 % maximal soaking up is observed. Therefore 20 % AA solution was selected as the optimal solution.DecisionIn this work, a theoretical account has been developed and simulated, which aims at the control of CO2 gas which is continuously come ining to the environment from the brick industry in Pakistan and bring forth a fertiliser from the flue gases. It is for the first clip that the brick industry in Pakistan has been analyzed with this position that by spraying aqueous ammonium hydroxide into existent fluke gas produced by a brick kiln can non merely gaining control CO2 but besides absorb SO2 and NOx from the fluke gas a nd specially gives a compound fertiliser as a by-product.Presently, there is merely one known commercial procedure that uses ammonium hydroxide to at the same time take SO2 and NOx from fluke gas within one reactor and bring forth assorted ammonium sulfate and nitrate fertiliserThe soaking up efficiency of CO2, SO2, and NOx in existent fluke gas from a coal-burning installation varies depending on the reaction conditions. The soaking up efficiency of CO2 and SO2 was found to increase with an addition in the concentration of aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Over the NH3/CO2 molar ratio of 1 to 1.5 that was tested, and maximum the CO2 gaining control efficiency was measured at 1.5 is 97 % . The aqueous ammonium hydroxide soaking up solution was found to incorporate a assorted crystalline of ammonium hydrogen carbonate [ NH4HCO3 ] , ammonium sulphate [ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ] , and ammonium nitrate [ NH4NO3theiˆ ] chief constituents of a compound fertiliser. The captive CO2 in the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution is in the signifier of HCO3 – and CO3 -2. For a certain molar ratio of NH3/CO2, there is a balanced concentration of HCO3 – and CO3 -2 in the assorted ammonia solution. By spraying the assorted ammonia solution into flue gas incorporating CO2, higher NH4HCO3 content ( higher HCO3 – concentration ) in assorted solution can be obtained.

Brent Staples, essays

Brent Staples, essays Radio stations throughout the country may soon be taken over completely by corporations trying to take control over industry. In Brent Staples article, Driving Down the Highway, Mourning the Death of the American Radio, (New York Times, July 8, 2003) he focuses his article on how big time corporations are buying out the smaller radio stations to take over the entire industry. People are turning to other forms of music to get away from all the propaganda. Radio stations used to play an array of music, ranging from Jazz to Country. There used to be short commercial and advertisement segments, getting only 8 to 12 minutes per hour. (Staples 85) Now it seems there is almost 30 minutes per hour during the morning drive time. (85) Radio networks are also taking away a persons freedom of speech. For instance, The Dixie Chicks were booted from corporate air for criticizing the President over the War in Iraq. (86) Radio is changing considerably; it is no longer, what it used to be. At the beginning of the article Staples states, The CD player symbolizes my despair that commercial radio in New York and most other major markets has become so bad as to be unlistenable and is unlikely to improve anytime soon. (85) The information that he states throughout his entire article seems to be very accurate, and well worded. He goes into detail of reasons as to why larger corporations want to buy out all these small stations. They want to have control over the entire industry. A staple also interpreted his information fairly and has argued his topic logically. Throughout the entire article, he gave many examples as to why this might become a problem for listeners throughout the country. We will not know how bad the situation will be until if finally happens. By corporations, buying out all these smaller radio stations it is letting them have control over the entire market. ...

How to Make Floam

How to Make Floam Floam  is a slimy substance with polystyrene beads in it that kids can mold into shapes. You can sculpt with it or use it to coat other objects. You can store it to reuse it or allow it to dry if you want permanent creations. Its a lot of fun, but not always easy to locate. You might be able to buy it at some stores and online, but you can make a type of Floam yourself. As with slime, its very safe, though anything containing food coloring can stain surfaces. Dont eat Floam. Polystyrene beads simply arent food. How to Make Floam Difficulty: Easy Time Required: This is a quick project: It takes only minutes Supplies 2 tsp. borax1/2 cup water1/4 cup white glue (such as Elmers)1/4 cup waterFood coloringA resealable plastic bag1 1/3 cups polystyrene beads Steps Dissolve 2 teaspoons of  borax completely in 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of water. Two teaspoons of borax will produce a stiff product. If you want more flexible Floam, try 1 teaspoon of borax instead.In a separate container, mix 1/4 cup (2 ounces) of white glue and 1/4 cup of water. Stir in food coloring.Pour the glue solution and the polystyrene beads into a plastic bag. Add the borax solution and knead it until its well mixed. Use 1 tablespoon of the borax solution for a very fluid Floam, 3 tablespoons for average Floam, and the entire amount for stiff Floam.To keep your Floam, store it in a sealed bag in the refrigerator to discourage mold. Otherwise, you can allow it to dry into whatever shape you choose. Tips for Success How it works: The borax reacts to crosslink the polyvinyl acetate molecules in the glue. This forms a flexible polymer.If you use a 4-percent solution of polyvinyl alcohol instead of glue, you will get a more transparent product that will hold shapes better.You can find polystyrene beads at craft stores, usually as fillers for bean bags or dolls. You can grind plastic foam cups using a cheese grater if you like.

Environmental Economics Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Environmental Economics Analysis - Term Paper Example Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues (other usages of the term are not uncommon). In using standard methods of neo-classical economics, it is distinguished from green economics or ecological economics, which include the nonstandard approaches to environmental problems, environmental science/environmental studies, or ecology. (Wikipedia) The economic growth is, in fact, good for the environment, and there are limits to the contribution that economic growth can make to human well being. Forests are being depleted throughout the world since this is the economically optimal strategy for the owners. However, forests not only provide timber but also perform global ecosystem services. Forests absorb carbon dioxide, preserve biodiversity, prevent soil erosion, maintain hydrological cycle, etc. Hence, global environmental sustainability, a prerequisite for economic sustainability, might require that limits be placed on the depletion of natural resource stocks, even if it appears that this means sacrificing some of the monetary value of these stocks As the market cannot reflect all the values of the services provided by the natural environment, this implies that environmental sustainability places a constraint on economic growth. Because the services provided by natural resources are not traded in the markets, they are not reflected in the value of conserving natural resource stocks. In economic terminology, these are examples of market failures, and that is an outcome, which is not efficient in an economic sense. Here the inefficiency is caused because too much of the polluting activity will be carried out, as the polluter will not take the interests of those adversely affected by the pollution into account. This has led to controversial research into measuring well being which tries to measure when pollution is actually starting to affect human health and general quality of life.  Ã‚  

Globalization and the Youth Culture of Dakar as Related in a study by Essay

Globalization and the Youth Culture of Dakar as Related in a study by Scheld and Examined against Writing by Ong and Writing by Inda and Rosaldo - Essay Example In comparing her writing with that of Aihwa Ong, an emerging pattern of the influences of media on the nature of capitalism can be observed. When gauging that against the ideas of globalization as they are discussed by Inda and Rosaldo, the influences of cultures as they collide can be seen for how they are changing existing cultures, and reinventing through filters as they influence life across the world. The emergence of globalization has created a youth driven culture as the ways of the old are being shadowed by the influences of new cultures through media, consumerism, and the emergence of a capitalistic based world economy. According to Scheld, † In Dakar, youth are increasingly entrepreneurial individuals who base the authenticity of their cosmopolitan identity on an ability to buy and sell (trade) in the urban/global informal economy† (232). This might be seen as a Westernization of thought and identity that has embraced the nature of consumerism and shaped the way in which the youth are supporting their feelings of participation in a world that has grown large through globalization. The creation of clothing lines within the Dakar cosmopolitan has emerged through a sense of community; those involved using social terms of interaction in order to support what they are creating. While there is an undercurrent of dishonest behaviors, they are framed by social rules which include creative and competitive structures of behavior. Sheld states that â€Å"youth steer the economic cultural life of the city and keep it hooked in to the global economy† (232). Sheld’s research is based u pon a belief that â€Å"Dakarois youth use dress to shape the city and urban identity† (232). Sheld’s work examines â€Å"how clothing use and exchange shape cosmopolitan identities, the city, and global flows of people and goods in a West African metropolis† (232). The region of Dakar is economically depressed, the city a wash of deterioration and decay, but the young people of the region dress in ways that are both provocative and colorful, injecting into the economy a relationship between cultural expression and economic stimulation. Where most aspects of the economy are failing, the behaviors of the youth culture in creating their own sub-economy for the purpose of fashion creates an underbelly of motion in which the an informal economy is the basis of the emergence of culture within the city landscape. It seems to be a common element within a culture to see its youth as a driving force in creating economic flows based upon fashion and social identity. The w ays in which these â€Å"marginalized populations make sense of modernity, express their identities and shape their lifeworlds† (Sheld 233) is often through externalized expressions of their emotions, their choices placing them within a framework of social position that makes sense to them and to their peers. In creating â€Å"imagined memberships† within a specified world, the individual becomes a part of a world through mimicry and recreation of the world to form and identify with the ways in which they associate themselves in congruence with the ways in which the structure services their need for identity (Sheld 235). Globalization has become a driving force of youth culture, allowing for identification with groups from around the world where something of those social groups becomes an identifiable structure from which looks and behaviors are adapted. According