Confession of Moral Bankruptcy Essay -- Sex Offenders Crime Essays

Confession of Moral Bankruptcy State and local governments atomic number 18 both challenged by the problems of sexual predators. This resultant role has been addressed at the federal level for many years, but now state and local governments are being given the responsibility to change policy. What this stem will examine are three major issues. This paper will examine what state and local governments are doing in context to the civil committal issue. Secondly, once sexual predators are given the opportunity to return to society there is always the fear that they will commit crimes again. Therefore, all fifty states rich person some form of a sexual predator registry. Third, states and communities are beginning to prevent sexual predators from moving into areas where they are not identified by club notification laws, more commonly known as Megans Law. In order to address these problems, state and local governments are passing new statute law to help deal with these issues.In the last ten years, state and local governments have begun to legislate policy changes on the issue of sexual predators and most are still deciding how to make it work within their own locality. Once sexual predators have served their time in prison, there remains the daunting caput of will they relapse back to their former state, or even a more fearful question of have they even been cured of this illness? correspond to John Leo of the US News and World Report, The state has an obligation to defend the public from dangerous criminals. Is it really helpless to act if a uncivilized inmate with a long record says he plans to mutilate and kill children when released? To say authorities cant do anything but wait for a child to be murdered is a confession of moral bankruptcy.... ...iminary Report. InternationalJournal of Offender Therapy and Comparitive Criminology. Galveston Sage Publications, 2003.Office of the Attroney General, 2003, Kilgore Files Richard Ausley Civil Commitment Petition - Convicted paedophile Faces Criminal Trial Prior to Civil Commitment Hearing - Retrieved on 4-25-04. http//www.oag.state.va.us/media%20center/Current%20AG%20News%20Releases/080503_ PrimeTime, 2001, Predators Among Us PrimeTime Investigates Release of Dangerous Sexual Offenders Retrived on 4-25-04.http//abcnews.go.com/sections/primetime/2020/PRIMETIME_010621_classof91_featur e.htmlRoberts, Julian V., et al. Penal Populism and Public Opinion. New York Oxford Press, 2003. Teir, Robert and Kevin Coy. Approaches to Sexual Predators Community Notification and Civil Commitment. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement 1997.

Great Bear Rainforest Essay example -- British Columbia Nature Wildern

Great Bear Rainforest The controversy over logging, and more specifically clearcutting, is not a new issue in America. Ever since the 1920s and 1930s, when this nation started to become conscious of conservation, citizens have weighed the consequences of logging. Critics have questioned whether the increase in jobs, tax dollars, and economic growth was worth the destruction of forest knowledge domains. Regardless of what they believe today, the logging effort had become so efficient that by the late 1980s nearly 100,000 acres of federal land had been clearcut since the industry began. Logging technology has advanced rapidly in terms of speed, to meet the increasing demands for lumber, paper, and other products derived from trees. This in turn has greatly impacted the environment by severely degrading watersheds, leading to increased soil erosion, the diminution in the quality of drinking water, and the decline of fish stocks, among many other consequences. In this essay I will ex amine the progression of logging equipment throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and discuss how these changes in technology have not scarcely changed the relationship of those who work in the industry, but also haw this has changed the wider relationship of society and nature.Before starting my research I thought there had been a progressive increase in the amount of land that had been clearcut. My reasoning for this was that logging machinery at the end of the 19th century was primitive compared to that of more recent times. As a result, it would have been difficult to compete with the output of todays industry. However, in the late 19th century there was a boom in the logging industry and thousands of acres of land across the nation were forested. Hist... ...the improvement in machinery. However, if they were unsloped based on technological improvements, there would not be a constant rise and fall in the logging industry. These periods of increased logging have drastic affec ts on the environment, today, just like one hundred years ago. more importantly, the growth in technology has led to the reduction of workers. In my opinion, it seems that now we are dealing with the big capitalist pull. Individual companies are buying these forests just to log. For the most part, they are the ones that are reaping the benefits, while destroying habitats for people and animals alike. Thereby changing the relationship of those who work in the industry and that of environmentally conscience society. 1 match to Foster, harvesting is sustainable if the stimulated growth rate is equal to or greater than that of the existing forest.

Curriculum Unit: Stereotypical Images of African Americans in Televisio

Curriculum Unit Stereotypical Images of African Americans in Television and Movies* Narrative* Lesson Plan* Lesson Plan* Lesson Plan* Notes* Films* Television Shows* Childrens practice session List* Teachers BibliographyAbstract This curriculum unit will provide elementary school teachers with a framework to begin to help their students understand and define a stereotype. Recognize common stereotypes and stereotypical themes in fill and television and illustrate some damaging effects perpetuating stereotypes through behavior. Finally, how to constructively deal with others stereotyping them.To Guide accessionThe practice of racial stereotyping through the use of media has been used throughout contemporary history by discordant factions in American society to attain various goals. The practice is used most by the dominant culture in this society as a way of suppressing its minority population. The Republican parties use of the Willie Horton persona in the 1988 Presidential campai gn, is a small example of how majority groups have used racial stereotyping in the media as a justifiable means to an end. The accommodate Unthinking Eurocentrism by Stam and Shohat supports this notion when they write the functionality of stereotyping used in film demonstrates that they (stereotypes) ar not an error in perception but rather a form of social control intended as Alice Walker calls prisons of image.(1)The modern usage of the word stereotype was first introduced in 1922 by American journalist Walter Lippman in his book Public Opinion. The major thesis of this book is that in a modern democracy political leaders and ordinary citizens are involve to make decisions about a variety of complicated matters that they do not understand. People believe that their conceptions of German soldiers, Belgian priests, or American Klu Klux Klansman for example are accurate representations of the real members of those classes . . . the conception in most cases is actually a stereoty pe acquired by the individual from some other source other than his account experience.(2)Historically the other source people developed racial stereotypes were from literature and then radio. In 1933 Sterling Brown the great black poet and critic, divided the panoptic range of black characters in American literature into seven categories the contented slave the wretched freemen t... ...A-TeamGood TimesLittle RascalsThats My Mammato egestChildrens Reading ListBogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks. New York Continum, 1989.Braley, Daniel and Daniel, Katz Racial Stereotypes of One Hundred College Students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1933.to topTeachers BibliographyBogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks. New York Continuum, 1989This books reveals and gives a diachronic perspective on the various incarnations of black stereotypes in American cinema.Cripps, Thomas. Black Film as Genre. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1978.Th is book attempts to explain what is a black film and critiques six examples of the genre.Henry Louis Gates, Jr., TVs Black World TurnsBut Stays Unreal, New York Times (November 12, 1989) 66-67.In this article Dr. Gates reveals how despite the success of television shows such as The Cosby Show stereotyping of blacks on T.V. is still prevalent.Guerrero, Ed. Framing Blackness The African-American Image in Film. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1993.The book chronicles blacks conjuration in American films.

Humorous Wedding Roast by a Fellow Gambler :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech by a lumberman GamblerLadies and gentlemen, my name is Josh and following the time-honored tradition, I will now do my best to give Roy the most uncomfortable five proceedings of his life. For the record, the most uncomfortable five minutes of Joyces life will be later on this evening, courtesy of Roy. Roy and I became acquainted many years ago, when we had terzetto encounters in one week. I first saw him when he was placing a bet at the Horse Racing track. Then he appeared again at my local pub. And then, unbelievably, he appeared yet again - this time at poker night. It was at this moment that I realized someone very special had entered my life. Yes, I had a stalker Or as his clothes suggested a gay stalker This aside, we soon became friends and being a betting man myself I was immediately impressed by his outstanding knowledge of horse racing. He can name any trainer, jockey or horse which finished 4th or worse in any race in the last five years. But ap parently, in the run up to the wedding, Roys form at the races has vastly improved and hes been doing better than hes ever done before. Thats right, Joyce hasnt been letting him go. On the subject of betting I see a bit of an issue to raise. It came to my attention earlier that Roy is running a book on the length of the best mans speech. I am authorized you will all be glad to know that I got wind of this and, not being known to Roy at the time, I put a ten-spot on myself to last an hour at the bargain odds of 500-1. So I suggest you top up your glasses and make yourselves comfortable - only when do let me know if Roy tries to slip out. Attending university was definitely the best decision Roy ever made. Because he didnt just meet me, he excessively met Joyce who looks absolutely stunning today. October 1993, Roy Solomon, a county swimmer and keen football player, meets Joyce Reeves. And eight years later, Roy hasnt so much as looked at a swimming pool and doesnt play footbal l anymore. But all is not lost, I understand he still has a good breaststroke, doesnt have any problems with his ball control and can certainly use his head, even if he is a bit clumsy around the box.

L.A. Confidential :: essays research papers

L.A. ConfidentialL.A. Confidential is a movie of cops that are more corrupt than the criminals they arrest. Throughout the movie Bud exsanguine is portrayed to take a personal hatred for women abusers despite becoming enraged and hitting Lynn Bracken. At the beginning of the movie, Bud and two other officers are seen sitting in a car, observing a man beating his wife. Officer ovalbumin gets out of the car, approaches the house, and then pulls the familys Christmas decorations from the roof. When the man comes outside to see what is making every(prenominal) the noise is about, Bud White immediately begins to beat him. Afterwards, Bud handcuffs the man to a rail.In another scene from the movie Bud White is seen leaving a pothouse. When Bud exits the bar, he notices a woman, with bandages on her nose, sitting in a car with two men. Bud approaches the car to investigate. In the process, the device driver jumps out of the car and tells him to get lost. Then Bud White beats him up. B ud is thinking that someone has abused the woman, when in actuality the woman had been hit in the face with a tennis racket. Throughout the movie Bud is seen beating the information out of suspects. Such as when he is seen at a bar squeezing a mans testicles until the man told him the information that he cherished to hear. During an interrogation at the precinct, Bud White hears a suspect confessing to ask raped a girl. The officer in the room is having trouble getting the criminal to tell him where the girl is, so Bud storms into the room, and pins the guy against the wall and puts a gun in his mouth until the guy tells him where the girl can be found. He became enraged and lost control when he found out Exley and Lynn had slept together. He went to Lynns house and overcome by anger hit her. After hitting her he realized that he had done something he never wanted to do which was hit a woman. Bud Whites hate toward women beaters seems to have come from seeing his mother beat to de ath by his father.Although White is portrayed as creation brainless in the beginning of the movie, by the end of the movie he had proven himself to be intelligent. He is seen as being a tough cop with no brains.

L.A. Confidential :: essays research papers

L.A. ConfidentialL.A. Confidential is a ikon of cops that are more corrupt than the criminals they arrest. Throughout the movie bud White is portrayed to have a personal hatred for women abusers despite becoming enraged and hitting Lynn Bracken. At the beginning of the movie, Bud and dickens other officers are seen sitting in a car, observing a gay beating his wife. Officer White gets out of the car, approaches the house, and then pulls the familys Christmas decorations from the roof. When the man comes outside to see what is making all the noise is about, Bud White immediately begins to beat him. Afterwards, Bud handcuffs the man to a rail.In other scene from the movie Bud White is seen leaving a bar. When Bud exits the bar, he notices a woman, with bandages on her nose, sitting in a car with dickens men. Bud approaches the car to investigate. In the process, the driver jumps out of the car and tells him to get lost. Then Bud White beats him up. Bud is thinking that someone ha s abuse the woman, when in actuality the woman had been hit in the face with a tennis racket. Throughout the movie Bud is seen beating the information out of suspects. Such as when he is seen at a bar squeezing a mans testicles until the man told him the information that he wanted to hear. During an interrogation at the precinct, Bud White hears a suspect confessing to have raped a girl. The officer in the room is having trouble getting the criminal to tell him where the girl is, so Bud storms into the room, and pins the guy against the wall and puts a gun in his mouth until the guy tells him where the girl can be found. He became enraged and lost go over when he found out Exley and Lynn had slept together. He went to Lynns house and overcome by anger hit her. After hitting her he realized that he had done something he never wanted to do which was hit a woman. Bud Whites hate toward women beaters seems to have come from seeing his set out beat to death by his father.Although Whit e is portrayed as being brainless in the beginning of the movie, by the end of the movie he had turn out himself to be intelligent. He is seen as being a tough cop with no brains.

King of Country Music Essay

When Strait was a teenager, he began his music by joining a rock and roll garage band. After he graduated broad(prenominal) school, he enrolled in college, but soon dropped out and married his high school sweetheart, Norma Voss, in 1971. He later enlisted in the Army. He was stationed in hello and began to play in an army-sponsored band called Rambling Country. On October 6, 1972, while hush up in Hawaii, George and Norma welcomed their offset printing child, Jenifer. In 1975, Strait was discharged from the Army and soon later returned to Texas.Strait returned to college in San Marcos, where he graduated in 1979 with a degree in agriculture. During college, he joined the country band Stoney Ridge, answering a flyer the band posted around campus looking for a new vocalist. Strait renamed the group the Ace in the Hole and quickly became the lead, they began to perform at different honky tonks and bars around south and central Texas, traveling as far east as Huntsville and Houston. They gained a regional following and opened for national acts such as The Texas Playboys.Soon, his band was given the opportunity to record several Strait-penned iodines including That Dont Change The Way I feeling About You, for the Houston-based D label. However, the songs never achieved wide recognition, and Strait continued to manage his family cattle ranch during the day in order to make some especial(a) cash. Strait attempted tried to become famous in Nashville but failed because he lacked any strong business connections. In 1979, he became friends with Erv Woolsey, a Texas club owner who once worked for MCA Records.Woolsey invited several MCA executives to Texas to hear Strait. He did so well on his performance they signed him in 1980. Straits first single was Unwound in 1981. It made it into the Top 10. Next he released two more songs Down and Out and If Youre Thinking You Want a Stranger (Theres One Coming Home). Both these songs did great on the charts, but it wasnt u ntil 1982 when Straits second album Strait from the heart was released. Then George Strait had his first number one hit Fool Hearted Memory. In the 1980s alone, he reached the top of the chart 18 times with songs such as The Chair, All My Exes stick up in Texas, Famous Last Words of a Fool and Baby sullen. In 1985, he won CMA awards for album of the year and male vocalist. In 1986, he repeated his win as male vocalist, but his year was marked by tragedy when his daughter was killed in a car wreck. Baby Blue is said to have been written for his daughter. Strait won CMA entertainer of the year award in 1989 and 1990. In the 1990s, George Strait continued to dominate country music.He released his one-tenth album, Livin It Up, which featured two number one hits including Love Without End, Amen and Ive Come to Expect It From You. He later released the singles If I Know Me and You Know Me fall in Than Thatwhich both were number one hits. In 1992, Strait starred in the movie Pure Coun try and recorded I Cross My Heart which is still one of his biggest hits today. His song once again reached number one. In 1995, He released a four-CD boxed in(p) set, Strait Out of the Box. It had become one of the five biggest-selling boxed sets in music history.

New Heritage Doll Company Essay

1. Describe and compare the business rationales for each of the two realize proposals under consideration. Which do you feel is the more induce? Project 1 Match My madam habiliments Line ExpansionExpand the successful Match My Doll garment Line to include twin(a) all-season clothing for tween girls and their dolls. ProsCurrent popularity will enable company to maintain premium prices. union could take advantage of off-peak discounts offered by some suppliers and contract manufacturers. Would help debase the seasonality in New Heritages sales and earnings. Project poses moderate risk about the same as the production divisions vivacious business as a whole. ConsCompany has to exploit the opportunity without delay to be able to exploit the current popularity of the original Match My Doll Clothing line. Large outlays for R&D, market research and marketing are needed. Project 2 Design Your Own DollTargets existing clients and will offer customized dolls that the customer could c ustomize to create one-of-a-kind addition to their existing collection of dolls. ProsMarket research with focus group indicates that there is a lot of enthusiasm for the product concept. Company will be able to charge premium prices for this product. Will improve customer loyalty.Will create a unique experience for customers.ConsIncreased manufacturing complexity and expense, involves higher risk. Low production runs and volumes would mean higher fixed costs per unit. Therefore, higher breakeven volume for throw away (longer payback decimal point). Would command the company to make operative changes to its existing technology infrastructure, expand its webhosting capacity and involve legal measure to implement natural third party attend to agreements to provide better service quality. Longer development time (including product testing) up to 12 months. Much larger initial investment required than the first project.The Match My Doll Clothing Line expansion project uses existi ng infrastructure and technology/ products. It will similarly fill the gap in the year-round revenues that occur due to the seasonality of demand. This project requires a smaller investment and has a shorter payback period. The Design Your Own Doll project requires a larger investment and will require new equipment, technology and third-party agreements. The business plan and process will become more complicated. This project also has a longer payback period. On the other hand, this project will earn higher returns. Both the projects will require some continuing capital expenditures. However, the Design Your Own Doll option will require higher capital expenditures compared to the Match My Doll Clothing Line project. Design Your Own Doll project is expected to make higher returns according to the projections. It also carries a higher risk due to the complexity of operations involved.See attached sheet for detailed calculations.2. What are the free cash flows that are germane(predic ate) to analyzing the two projects?3. Match My Doll Clothing Line Free Cash tend (without TV) = $2,091.54 Match My Doll Clothing Line Free Cash Flow (with TV) = $16,344.40 Design Your Own Doll Free Cash Flow (without TV) = -$1,019.8 Design Your Own Doll Free Cash Flow (with TV) = $24,732.064. What are the NPVs of the two projects? What conclusiveness should Emily Harris recommend?5. NPV CalculationMatch My Doll Clothing Line NPV = $7,148.35Design My Doll NPV = $7,285.68Based on the calculations in the above steps, it is determined that Design My Doll project has a higher NPV and hence would be a better choice, but the first project is less risky and has a shorter payback period and therefore might be more attractive to the board.

Masculine versus Feminine in To Kill a Mockingbird

In novels, patchly against feminine has been a popular writing technique throughout many writing achieve workforcets. Writers have displayed the masculine side as well as the feminine to express the setting of the story in which they are trying to write. Female writers have been suggested to have a difficult time in the interpretation of male characters within their writing. As Peter Shwenger states, To suggest a similar assessment of writing by men is to remind us that the rich variety of writing alone (621).However, in the appropriate To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee is able to express the infantryman roles of masculinity and femininity within the story using genus Atticus Finch and Calpurnia. Atticus Finch is the ideal father and a well esteemed lawyer. Becoming widowed when his children, ticker and Jem, were very young he is still able work and provide a s knock back env contractment to raise his kids. Lee illustrates Atticus as the b aright male role model he is intended to be He treats his kids the same way he treats adults.He does not talk down to them and when discussing scout going to school he tells her, Im afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by the more learned authorities (Lee 35). watch is used to him talking to them that way but still asks him what he means. Atticus allows his children to learn from him which in turn allows them to appreciate him more. He only requires them to do right and holds them to the same principles that he goes by.When he believes that Jem stabbed Bob Ewell, instead of trying to look at Jem out of trouble he tells Sherriff Heck Tate, Thank you from the bottom of my heart, but I dont want my boy starting out with something like this over his head. Best way to clear the air is to have it all out in the open. Let the county arrange and bring sandwiches. I dont want him growing up with a whisper more or less him, I dont want anybody saying, Jem Finch his daddy paid a mint to g et him out of that. Sooner we get this over with the better (314).Atticus is balancing his duties as a father and priorities as a lawyer. He wants what is best for his password and other lawyers in his same position dexterity have done everything in their power to prevent him from getting in trouble. Atticus, however, sees what has been done and is taking the graceful action as a lawyer and a father. In the book, the presenter sees Atticus as the hero, as a man willing to defend something he knows he is going to lose. All of the fellowship respects him, and they do not lose respect when he takes the case of Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman.He goes against the community and everything they have ever known when he represents Robinson in court. During the proceedings, he keeps his composure and does not put on a theatrical show for the town. Marie A. Failinger discusses Atticus demeanor during the trial, A man who simply stood as witness. Just saying, sim ply, as he stood, that the case was about the community itself and its prejudice toward the Negro, and about whether the verdict was to be a moment set within or set a quality from that reality (305).This shows the type of man Atticus is. He does not let a high profile case get in the way of doing what is right. He wants the townspeople to see what is right too. He knows how to do his job and show what kind of man he is without trying to show it. Lee is able to articulate his masculinity by describing his temperament preferably than explaining his characteristics. Although Atticus is by himself in court, he receives help from Calpurnia to bring up Scout and Jem. Calpurnia is a black woman who industrial plant for Atticus.She is more a part of the family than anything else. She has been the mother figure in the lives of Scout and Jem since Scout could remember. She is shown throughout the book in the white world of Alabama and Lee only gives the audience a small taste of what she i s like in her own community. When Atticus is away she is there for the kids. She is tough on the rules, but is also nurturing. When Scout comes home from her maiden day of school, Calpurnia she kisses her. Scout is confused by it, but she just missed her being home during the day.When Calpurnia takes them to church she gives them a dime and when Jem insists on using his she says, I dont want anybody sayin I dont look after my children (Lee 134). She has al shipway viewed them as her own. She shows them the caring side and her trainings of moral set runs parallel with Atticus. She was also able to teach Scout how to write and because she is a black woman in the 1930s who is literate she never acts better than anyone else. Scout invites Walter Cunningham over for dinner and when she reticules him for the way he is eating Calpurnia scowls Scout to show her the type of lady should want to be.She tells Scout, Hush your mouth Dont matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this houses y o compny, and dont you let me catch you remarkin on their ways like you was so high and mighty Yo folks might be bettern the Cunninghams but it dont count for nothin the way youre disgracin em if you cant act fit to eat at the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen (27). This is where the audience first sees Calpurnia take charge of a situation. She sees something she does not like and steps front to address it.Calpurnia knows how to set her foot down with her surrogate family. It is her family and she knows how to be a woman about it. She knows she could have it a lot worse and is grateful that she works for someone like Atticus Finch. In the 1930s, African-American women workers were not always treated the same way as Calpurnia was. She is one of the few that is able to read and write.Although wages are never discussed in the book, according to Annie Barnes, African-Americans mistresses during the Depression paid as little as $5. 0 weekly for full- time laborers to wash windows and clothes, iron (as many as twenty-one shirts a shift), and wax floors (30). Lee never shows Calpurnia participating in any of these things. The only thing she does, domestic wise, in the book is cook. The reader forgets that she is hired by the Finches and only witnesses her as the female role model in the childrens lives. Her femininity remains during the reading because she maintains the household and instills values in the children which they may not have learned from only their father.There are many characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. However, when the reader is thinking along the terms of masculinity, the most masculine character is Atticus Finch. He might not be able to play football like the other fathers in Scouts class, but he represents what a true man should be. His characteristics and the way he handles himself makes him an ideal candidate for what being masculine is about. He might be a strong man, but he could not have done it without Calpurnia. She is the backbone of the family.She allows Atticus to work and keeps the children from running wild. Her femininity shows through from the opening to end. She is a strong woman and knows what is right. She will not let things get in her way of life and knows how to be a lady in all situations. Being feminine or masculine is not so much about being a man or a woman, but about how the person handles themselves when faced with certain issues. Calpurnia and Atticus know exactly how to behave in all atmospheres and that is why, in this book, they are the male and female role models.

Innovation and creativity in industry

InventionInvention is a new appearance of making something or new material that is made useable . It may mention to increase or to hold radical alterations in prospect, merchandises, procedures, or organisations. Many people to the scholarly literature on fraud typically distinguish foundation as thoughts applied successfully in pattern. Something new must be well different to be advanced, non an undistinguished alteration, e.g. , in the human-centered disciplines, economic sciences, reverence and authorities policy. In economics the alteration must increase value, client value, or manufacturer value. The end of invention is positive alteration, to do person or something mitigate. Innovation taking to increased productiveness is the cardinal beginning of increasing wealth in an economic system.Invention in administration contextIn the organisational context, invention is defined as public presentation and growing through betterments in efficiency, productiveness, quality, competitory placement, market portion, etc. All organisations can introduce, including for illustration infirmaries, universities, and local authoritiess.relevancy of invention to sedulousnessThe debut of a new beneficial that is one with which consumers argon non yet familiar or of a new quality of a good.The debut of a new method of production, which need by no agencies be founded upon a find scientifically new, and can besides be in a new manner of managing a trade good commercially.The gap of a new market, that is a market into which the peculiar subdivision of industry of the nominate in inquiry has non antecedently entered, whether or non this market has existed before.The conquering of a new beginning of supply of natural stuffs or half-manufactured goods, once more disregardless of whether this beginning already exists or whether it has first to be created.The transporting out of the new organisation of any industry, like the creative activity of a monopoly place or th e interrupting up of a monopoly place.Value of Innovation in IndustryGoals of invention in IndustryImproved qualityExtension of the merchandise scopeReduced labor costsCreation of new marketsReduced stuffsImproved production proceduresReplacement of products/servicesReduced surroundingsal harmConformity to ordinancesReduced energy ingestionFailure of invention in industryPoor LeadershipPoor CommunicationPoor EmpowermentPoor OrganizationPoor Knowledge ManagementMeasures of invention in industryThere be two different types of steps for inventionThe organisational arcdegreeThe political degree.The organisational DegreeOrganizational degree performer to persons, team-level appraisals, private companies from the smallest to the largest. Measure of invention for every organisations can be conducted by studies, whole caboodlehops, advisers or internal supervising, look intoing. There is no established general manner to mensurate organisational invention.Measuring invention have tradit ionally been by looking at outgo, for illustration, investing in R & A D ( Research and victimization ) .2 ) The political degree A common industry position is that comparative cost-effectiveness investigate ( CER ) is a signifier of financial value misrepresent which, by cut downing returns to industry, limits R & A D outgo, finally reduces our cost and leads to innovation in diminishing cost. By it the orgazation gets ready for future invention and compromises new merchandises entree to markets.Induced innovation- ground for motiveInduced invention was foremost proposed by Dr. J. R. Hicks in his work. He proposed that a alteration in the comparative monetary values of the factors of production is itself a goad to innovation, and to innovation of a peculiar kinddirected to conserving the usage of a factor which has become comparatively expensive. This works as motive in the sense that if rewards are increased decidedly the employees will work hard and more motive will be at that place.Costss ( whether direct or indirect ) has ever been a motive for a more rapid betterment in energy efficiency of goods than would usually happen.Invention system in OrganizationsThe construct of the invention system stresses that the flow of engineering and information among people, endeavors and establishments is cardinal to an advanced procedure. Every administration should hold a good and useful direction information system in order to be extremely advanced. It creates interaction between the employees who are needed in order to turn an thought into a procedure, merchandise or service on the market and therefore gain money.Open inventionOpen invention is that houses can and should utilize external thoughts every bit good as internal thoughts, and internal and external waies to market, as the houses look to progress their engineering by Bazaar theoretical account. The barriers between a house and its environment have become less now a yearss, so inventions can now be e asy transferred inward and outward.So, this is all about invention in industry. creativeness creativeness is a mental and societal procedure affecting the find of new thoughts or constructs, or new associations of the originative head between bing thoughts or constructs. Creativity is pumped by the procedure of either witting or unconscious penetration. An alternate construct of creativity is that it is merely the act of doing something new or wake something old in a new mode.Difference between creativeness and inventionIt is frequently seen as job that people are non cognizant of exact significances of these two. So it is better to understand them in their right context.Creativity is typically used to mention to the act of engage forthing new thoughts, attacks or actions, while invention is the procedure of both bring forthing and using such originative thoughts in some specific context.In the context of an organisation, the term invention is frequently used to state the full pr ocedure by which an organisation generates originative, new thoughts and converts them into existent life merchandises or services that are utile and feasible in concern patterns, while the term creativeness is reserved to use specifically to the coevals of new thoughts by persons or by groups, as a necessary measure within the invention procedure.Creativity and its affect on workThree forms by and large exist between that affect creativeness at workPositive ( or negative ) temper, or alteration in temper, predictably precedes creativeness Creativity predictably precedes temperWhether affect and creativeness occur at the same time.It was found that these non merely affect procedure of creativeness, but originative results are besides affected by it every bit good. The experience of creativeness is itself a work event, and like other events in the organisational context, it could arouse emotion. Qualitative research and anecdotal histories of originative accomplishment in the humani stic disciplines and scientific disciplines suggest that originative penetration is frequently followed by feelings of elation. For illustration, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of theory of relativity the happiest idea of my life. Empirical grounds on this affair is still really probationary.Measuring creativeness1 ) Creativity quotientSeveral efforts have been made to develop a creativeness quotient of an single mistakable to the Intelligence quotient ( IQ ) , nevertheless these have been of great value. Most steps of creativeness are dependent on the personal judgement of the tester, so a standardised step it is hard to develop.2 ) Social-personality attackSome research workers have taken a social-personality attack for mensurating creativeness. In these surveies, personality traits such as independency of judgement, assurance, attractive effectiveness to complexness, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as steps of the creativeness of persons Other r esearch workers have related creativeness to the trait, openness to see.3 ) Creativity ProfilesCreativity comes in different signifiers. There is sort to bring forth growing, invention, velocity, etc. There are four Creativity Profiles that can assist accomplish such ends.Incubate ( long-term Development )Imagine ( Breakthrough Ideas )Improve ( Incremental Adjustments )Invest ( Short-run GoalsCreativity in diverse civilizationsNow a yearss it is really hard to pull off in diversed work civilization. So, creativeness is needed at most of the degrees now a yearss in order to work out this job.Creativity in organisationsExpertise ( proficient, procedural & A rational cognition ) , fanciful thought accomplishments ( how flexibly and imaginatively people approach jobs ) ,and Motivation ( particularly intrinsic motive ) .Economic positions of creativenessIn the early twentieth century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of originative devastation, to fork out the manner i n which old ways of making things have been replaced by the new.Creativity is besides seen by economic experts as an of import component in the recombination of different elements to bring forth new engineerings and merchandises and services and, therefore leads to economic growing. Creativity leads to capital ( touchable or intangible assets ) , and originative merchandises are saved by rational belongings Torahs.The originative category is seen to be an of import driver of modern states.3 T s of economic development that are related with organisation s creativenessTechnology, Talent and Tolerance besides have high concentrations of originative professionals and tend to hold a higher degree of economic development. productive job work outing in industryCreative job resolution is the mental procedure of work outing a job. It is a particular signifier of job resolution in which the solution is independently created instead than solved by looking at old consequences of same job.Creat ive job work outing system ever involves creativeness. However, creativeness frequently does non affect originative job resolution, particularly in Fieldss such as music, poesy, and art. Creativity requires newness, updated cognition, as a feature of what is created, but creativeness does non needfully hold value ( that it will be good for society ) or is appreciated by other people.So, this is all about creativeness and Innovation in Industry.Consequence and InterpretationFrom this study I have learned the value of invention and creativeness from industry position that how it affects every concern whether large or little. By analyzing this & A recognizing its value in client satisfaction I will seek to carry through it in my concern besides.DecisionCreativity & A invention are of great value in every industry today. They are the impulsive forces of every concern now yearss and besides acts as competitory advantage. Bing the concern disposal pupils we should understand their valu e and seek to be originative and advanced.

National Security Strategy Comparison

Mid-Term Essay Comp ar/Contrast European warrantor schema (ESS) with US National gage Strategy (NSS) By James E. McDonald Regional/Cultural Studies Lesson 03 24 Mar 2013 Instructor Col (ret) Frank Belote Air Command and Staff College Distance Learning maxwell AFB, AL The Security Strategy of the United States has marked similarities and differences to the Security Strategy of Europe. This bottom be effectively traced to the similarities and differences amidst the two cultures themselves, particularly in the heathenish factors of religion, modernization, ethnicity/ matterism, and geography.The US and Europe have unalike responses to the modernization of warf atomic number 18 from traditional (ships, armies, tanks, aircraft) to asymmetrical (terrorism, cyber-warfare), largely from differences in geography With the notable exceptions of Pearl Harbor and the knowledge base Trade Center, our enemy threat has been thousands of miles away, while Europe has seen two bloody world war s and acts of terror committed right on home soil.However, for the purposes of this paper, I leave focus on religion and ethnicity/nationalism, and how these two factors affect strategic culture. Culture is important. It defines whats important to a group, or nation. It emerges in stated doctrine, laws, strategy. It defines who we ARE. There are common views, interests, priorities, and verbiage in both Security Strategic documents. Major powers are at peace. The world economy has grown globalism is increasingly important. We essential funk dependency on foreign energy.We have a commitment to altogetheriance with to each one other (US and Europe) via NATO (Obama, 2010, 1-9) (European Security Strategy, 2003, 2-14). NATO has made a strong tie between the US and Europe since it was created to contain the Soviets, integrating Europe and the United States politically and militarily (Friedman, 2011, 1). In fact, For any kind of military planning and operations with wishing to Russia , the Europeans will prefer to act through NATO rather than the EU. (Valesek, 2008, 1)In contrast to the above commonalities, the United States document, while acknowledging that no one nationno matter how tendinouscan meet global challenges alone, repeatedly shows glimpses of Nationalist overtones with statements such as, Our country possesses the attributes that have supported our leadership for decadessturdy alliances, an unmatched military, the worlds largest economy, a strong and evolving democracy, and a dynamic citizenry. (Obama, 2010, 1-9). The European document, on the other hand, openly and repeatedly calls for Unification and Cooperation (European Security Strategy, 2003, 1-8).The United States can draw from European religious history and ethnic origin, which gives it some cultural similarities. At the same time, the birth of our nation was so much more recent, and so dramatically different from the beginning of European history, that its no wonder there are fundamenta l differences in culture. Even before the Declaration of Independence (God and law referenced) or the US Constitution were drafted (freedom of religion), early America was rooted in Christianity. The first Pilgrims fled religious persecution in Europe.Christian doctrine has been quoted in speeches prone by American leaders from the beginning (Governor John Walthrop, Massachusetts Governor, 1630), to recent/present-day Presidents (Reagan, GW Bush, Obama), The United States has been referred to as something different, a shining example all the world to see and emulate, a city on a hill. (Walthrop, 1630, 1). America, from its beginnings to today, while welcoming diversity, continues to be a predominately Christian culture, allowing for religious overtones in national documents (mostly visible through reference to values, and truth).Europe on the other hand, in its challenge to unify the 27 countries that form the European sodality (Rosenberg, 2011, 1), must tread lightly so as not t o alienate or anger any portion of the contemporary combination of Christian, Muslim, and Secular cultures (Rubenstein, 2011, 1). Both the US and Europe are ethnically and racially diverse. Many marvel at the ability to retain direction and focus in the face of such diversity. other(a) America molded immigrants into a melting pot, mixing historical roots into a soup that became distinctly American.Nowadays, the preference is to hold on to ethnic differences and describe the result as a mosaic or salad bowl separate pieces that, when viewed as a whole, create a larger limning (Branigin, 1998). In spite of this recent shift to retain ethnic individuality, America seems to successfully categorize this into its frontiersman rugged individualist mentality, yet in turning away division along racial lines, manages to successfully embrace all groups into a sense of singular nationalism.Europe on the other hand, struggles to balance 27 nations, each with their own sense of nationalism, w ithout giving significant preference to any one culture. The ultimate impact of these religious and ethnic/nationalistic differences is that, yes, the US National Security Strategy reads differently than the European Security Strategy. The variance in background results in different wording and stance, different reasons for why we do what we do, and the desired result. This can cause misunderstanding, and even distrust between these two great entities.However, its important to conclude that overall, we BOTH have the same ultimate intent a continued commitment to trans-atlantic relationship, globalized economy, reduced dependency on foreign energy, and, most importantly, peace and security to our world (Obama, 2010, 1-9) (European Security Strategy, 2003, 2-14). In conclusion, many world researchers (including Samuel P Huntington in his map of The World of Civilizations), when identifying cultural categories in the world, group the US, Canada, Greenland, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand as the West (Huntington, 1997, 26).Due to the emphasis on strong religious roots, tone in right, manifest destiny, and ethnic diversity in the United States, our stated objectives and self-identified role in the world is unique. However, overall, European US strategy and culture are not so remarkably different. BIBLIOGRAPHY Branigin, William, The Myth of the Melting Pot Americas Racial and Ethnic Divides. Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation ( working capital, DC Washington Post, 25 May 1998), http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0525a. htmEuropean Security Strategy, A Secure Europe in a Better World, (Brussels, 12 December 2003), 2-14 Friedman, George, The Crisis of Europe and European patriotism (Austin, TX StratFor Global Intelligence, 13 September 2011), 1, http//www. stratfor. com/weekly/20110912-crisis-europe-and-european-nationalism Huntington, Samuel P. , The World of Civilizations The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaki ng of World Order (New York, NY Touchstone, 1997), 26-27 Obama, Barack, National Security Strategy (Washington, DC Whitehouse Archives, 2010), 1-9Rosenberg, Matt, European Union Countries (About. com, 09 December 2011), 1, http//geography. about. com/od/lists/a/eumembers. htm Rubenstein, Richard L. , Islam and Christianity The Roots of Europes Religious Identity (New English Review, December 2011), 1, http//www. newenglishreview. org/custpage. cfm/frm/102790/sec_id/102790 Valesek, Tomas, Europes Defence and its New Security Strategy (Center for European Reform Bulletin London, England, Dec 2007-Jan 2008), 1, http//gees. org/documentos/Documen-02705. pdf Walthrop, John, Modell of Christian Charity (Massachusetts, 1630), 1,

Atanarjuat: the Fast Runner Essay

The role of religion has been a major factor of every culture for as long as anyone brush aside remember. The feeling of togetherness that comes with belonging to a group of people that believe in the same ideas and a central entity defines a person and the way they work out the world. Atanarjuat The Fast Runnershows the impact of a certain belief on a tribe of Eskimos in Igloolik, a village inEastern arctic wilderness, at the dawn of the first millennium. An evil curse word was said to be following one member of the tribe, Oki, because of his jealousy of Atanarjuat.The film follows the lives of these two men and the conflicts they score as they grow older. It also focuses on the spiritual ideas that drive both Oki and Atanarjuat, and their other tribe members, to drastic actions. From the beginning, the curse is embedded into the film successfully, as it helps formulate why certain things happened to Atanarjuat and Oki. The curse was portrayed by a sound effect whenever a pers on was affected by it. Without that effect, the idea of the curse may not have come across as well, and might even have been forgotten until the end.As well as the curse was portrayed, the reason for it culmination about was a bit confusing for viewers who were not used to the language and style of the film. Years before the story of Atanarjuat and Oki, a shaman predicts that a curse will be brought on by Tulimaq. By no coincidence, camp leader, Kumaglak, died in a duel and his rightful successor, Tulimaq, was passed over and Sauri was given the title. Tulimaq does not take this well, accusing Sauri of helping murder his father.Tulimaq becomes a laughing stock and cannot feed his wife and kids, Atanarjuat and Amaqjuaq, though he gets help from his friend, Panikpak, widow of Kumaglak. It was hard to recognize what exactly caused the curse and why Tulimaq was the one burdened by it with the way the story was told. The quick scenes and unclear dialogue were not exactly helping in te lling this story, curiously since it was from a culture that most viewers would not be familiar with. Overall, the film was effective in describing the actions and beliefs brought on by Tulimaqs curse.The power the idea that the curse is what causes the constant conflict between Atanarjuat and Oki is portrayed skillfully. In the beginning a tribe member, Qulitalik, is shown leaving the village in care of the curse, but promises to return if his sister, Panikpak, ever needed his help. This promise is so strong that, decades later, when Atanarjuat needs help hiding and defeating Oki, Qulitalik is the person that aids in ending the curse. This brings in the idea of loyalty to family and residential district and shows that these were vital beliefs of the tribe.Another aspect of the film that greatly helped illustrate the importance of both the tribes beliefs and conviction of the curse was symbolism. Throughout the film, certain symbols and symbolic gestures were used to show the tri bes belief in a certain idea. Right before her husband dies, Panikpak witnesses a stone lamp fall and break in half, which foreshadowed the bad events that were to come. A walrus-tooth necklace was introduced in the beginning of the film as a sort of heirloom of Kumaglak. It was given to Sauri as a symbol of his new power as the new chief.Although it is just an object, it revealed the tribes faith in what it represented because at the end of the film, once the necklace was returned to Tulimaqs spirit, its rightful owner, peace is brought back to the village. This film shows how greatly this tribe of Eskimos are effected by their beliefs and rituals, although the viewers may not be familiar with them. In the ethnography Never In Anger by Jean Briggs, she describes the difference in gender roles in Utku tribe. They were very similar to those of the tribe of Igloolik.The women were the caretakers, doing housework, tending to physical hides, looking after children, and cooking, while t he men fished, hunted, and built igloos as shelter. Each sex was separated during meals and women were submissive to men. This played an integral part in the film, especially for the character, Puja. She did not seem to want to conform to the ideals of what women were supposed to do in the tribe, and was seen as lazy and spoiled. She also seemed to believe she could have more than one man, as men were allowed to have more than one wife, and challenged this idea when she seduces Atanarjuats brother, Amaqjuaq.The womens role in the village was a catalyst for certain actions taken by the males. For example, Atanarjuat and Oki had their first conflict over Atuat when she and Atanarjuat fell in love while she was betrothed to Oki. Oki goes after Atanarjuat once again when Puja lies about his brother hitting her for no reason, when in fact it was because she was caught cheating on her husband with him. Although women were not in charge of the actions of the tribe or important decisions of the tribe, it is shown that they do have importance in another sense.They can influence the mens actions individually and in terms of the tribe as a whole. The film Atanarjuat The Fast Runner decidedly has some aspects that need improvement for viewers who are not familiar with the Eskimo culture to understand. However, in terms of portraying the culture and beliefs, this film gives its audience something they can identify with. No matter where they are from, they can sympathize with what believing in a supernatural notion can make one do, and how family and community loyalty influences ones decisions.

Marketing Mix Essay

Product refers to the creation or design of a good or service. It is here that the process begins in the life of a ware. In this part of the merchandise mix the design is made, the name is created, and even the packaging of the good is trenchant upon. This is where a product needs to be created in a focusing that sees the product marketable for its intended tar vanquish. (Manktelow, 2013) Place is the process in when it is decided where the product is going to be sold and how the product will be distributed.M whatsoever questions ar answered in this part of the process such as Where do buyers visit for this product? , What channels of distribution should be workd? , Do we need to use a sales force, attend trade shows, or send samples to companies? , and What are competitors doing? (Manktelow, 2013) For example, a company producing power tools would non want to distribute their goods in a b bring outique. The intended customer base is not likely going to be found here. The correct distribution would be in a store where power tools are sold like Home Depot. While having a massive product is important, you need to get it to the consumer in the most efficient manner.Price is where the cherish of the product is determined. Pricing is just as important as the product itself. No matter how great a product is, it needs to be priced so that consumers will be willing to purchase it and so that it will make a profit that is worth investing in. Pricing also usher out offer a chance to get a leg up on the competition. In order to gain an advantage in market share a company may decide to price their product slightly unhorse than their competitors price. (Manktelow, 2013) Promotion is how a company creates their promotional strategy, advertising, and public relations.Promotion is extremely important in making the consumer aware of the product. It is also rattling important that the promotional strategy is aimed at the target audience. (Manktelow, 2013) For exa mple, to promote a new basketball shoe advertising could be created featuring a professional basketball player and the product could be heavily advertised during basketball games on television when the intended audience is going to be watching the game. PayPal, Inc. is a requital processor that operates primarily in processing payments on the internet.In 2010 PayPal began to push a new motto of Anytime, Anywhere, Anyhow. PayPal was taking their online payment service and contemptible them into the physical world. In order to achieve this PayPal began pushing their mobile payment services to develop products that would divine service to achieve this vision. PayPal required a product that would have people to truly use PayPal anywhere at any time. In 2012 PayPal launched PayPal Here. PayPal here is a product that connects to a smartphone to allow merchants to accept credit taunt payments wherever their business may take them.To allow buyers the convenience of using PayPal anywhe re, PayPal revamped the PayPal Mobile App. The PayPal Mobile App allows a person to send funds at any time using their smartphone. Whether it is sending money to a friend or paying for an item on eBay, the PayPal Mobile App allows buyers to use their PayPal account without having to be in front of their computer. The other product PayPal created for both merchants and for buyers is PayPals in-store checkout. In December of 2011 PayPal partnered with The Home Depot to unveil this new product and feature.Customers of the Home Depot no longer need to bring their wallet to the store with them. By simply entering their mobile number and PIN number they can pay with their PayPal account. Upon checking out the customer receives a text message and email receipt of their purchase. This video demonstrates the PayPal in-store checkout process. http//www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_detailpage&v=Q8P9qT9EIVk PayPals placement of the product was not as complicated as many companies selling a product like a hammer or shoes.The PayPal Here product is a way to use the PayPal Here service. Customers simply have to go to the PayPal website or PayPal Here App and request the PayPal here dongle. It is sent to the customer at no cost because the value is in the customer accepting payments using the PayPal Here service. This benefits PayPal in that they do not have to deal with major distribution channels in get their product into the right store. They simply need to ship the product to the customer that asks for it off of the PayPal website.PayPal has structured their pricing to remain ahead of their primary competitor Square. PayPal charges 2. 7% per transaction to receive payments using the PayPal Here product. Square has a similar product and charges 2. 75% per transaction. The cost of the phone attachment for PayPal Here is free. This has allowed PayPal to keep up with their competitor. In order to effectively market this product PayPal needed to have a price that at le ast met that of their competitor in order to get people to use the product.PayPal decided to charge slightly less than their competitor in order to gain customers new to this technology and to sway some customers apart from Square. Had the service not been available done a competitor, PayPals pricing may have been different. Having a price that stomachs or beats the competition shows that PayPal is marketing their product to not just to customers new to accepting mobile payments, but to those that are already accepting them which expands the market they are targeting.PayPal also offers other types of services other than just accepting payments on a mobile phone which creates more value for potential customers. PayPal has launched aggressive marketing campaigns through email and through banners on their website. PayPal has never advertised their products on television or radio and they did not start with the launch of PayPal Here. PayPal announced PayPal Here at a media caseful a nd let the media spread the word along with the advertising occurring through email and on the PayPal website.This helps PayPal save money in advertising and promotion while in time promoting their product efficiently. PayPals intended targets for PayPal Here are small businesses and people who sell at events like trade shows, service (lawn care, plumbing, etc. ) who would like to be able to give their customers more options to pay for their services. The marketing mix is an effective way to help successfully market a product or service. It addresses every aspect that is needed in order to successfully prepare a product to be launched.The four Ps work together to help a company provide the consumer with what they want, get the product to the consumer that demands the product, sells at a price that benefits the company and the consumer, and will promote the product to the right audience. Without the proper use of the marketing mix a product could easily fail. A company could design a new product that may seem great, but if they do not market the product correctly the right people will not see it, buy it, or be aware of it. Without the sales, the life of a product can be short lived because of ineffective marketing. PayPal has shown an effective use of the marketing mix.PayPal identified a consumer need, PayPal designed a product and service that would meet the needs of the consumer, PayPal found an efficient way to deliver the product and service to the customer, PayPal provided a price that was slightly better than the price of their competitor to gain a market advantage, and PayPal effectively used word of mouth promotion and promotion through their own website to make consumers aware of this new innovative product that can meet their needs. It has been effective use of the marketing mix that has helped PayPal remain on top of the online payment processing world.

An Analysis of Globalization: Constructivism, Commercial Liberalism and Marxism Essay

Globalization is perchance the most defining char seteristic of the 21st century. The the Statesn move for clear market ideals, facilitated by the approaching of the Internet and other communication technologies, has conduct to the increased interaction and interrelatedness of people. Therefore, globalisation also raises enkindle implications for the field of foreign relations. How can this monumental event be analyzed? Globalization and its consequences can be interpreted and dissected through three major schools of thought constructivism, commercial liberalism, and Marxism.A modified red ink view can explain the starting causes of globalisation but not modern day causes, inter subject area liberalism can explain the resulting global macro rest, and constructivism can explain counter-reactive microwars prevalent in the multi field of study carcass. To begin, Marxism is based on a critique of uppercaseism and normative commitment to communism. Marxism has various strains , but Marxism-Leninism and neo-Marxism deliver the most weighty synopsis of globalisation.Robert Gilpin, in his article The Political Economy of International Relations identifies four comp unitarynts of Marxism-Leninism Marx conceived three of the points, and the lowest is Lenins own modification. First is the law of disproportionality which attacks the idea of supply and demand. Since capitalists can progress to goods easier than consumers can buy them, free market economies will always over-produce certain goods. Next is the law of capital concentration. Since competition forces capitalists to produce efficiently or face extinction, capital eventually accumulates in the hands of a select few.This discrimination will ultimately fuel the anger of the p fibretariat and lead to social transition. Third is the law of falling profit rate. Marx predicted a complex chain reaction, where toil-saving devices would fuel under(a)- surfacelay, overproduction, and mass unemployment . However, when the social revolution did not run in the post-World War I era, Lenin revamped Marxs communist ideology with his fourth law, the law of uneven development. Lenin asserts that the revolution failed to occur, because capitalists had used imperialism as a metaphorical release valve. Developed nations had managed to dump their goods and capital in coloniesand concurrently acquire tatty raw materials. This outlet and source of inputs relieved the pressure on capitalism, allowing it to continue for the judgment of conviction being. The second variation of Marxism pertinent to globalisation is neo-Marxism, specifically Wallersteins piece, Core and Periphery. Core realms occupy great index finger positions in the international system and can perpetuate a system where they remain in adult male power over the periphery. Core states have two defining characteristics strong state machinery, coupled with a national finis The periphery states are characteristically weak, and could even exist as merely a colony.They leave out unity through a national ethnic and have very weak state mechanisms every a corrupt and bloated bureaucracy or a virtually non-existent one. Wallerstein alleges that the current international system is one of core states exploiting periphery states. In the article, Globalization and the Trade in Human Body Parts, Harrison attributes the causes of globalisation to a massive crisis of both capital accumulation and of state legitimacy in the 1970s.According to him, capitalist states of the western faced an inability to produce the correct quantity and distribution of goods, consistent with Marxism. Furthermore, the push for efficiency led to advent of labor-saving devices and the accumulation of capital in the hands of the few. All of these occurrences caused the high unemployment and inflation characteristic of the mid-1970s. As goods and capital piled up with high levels of joblessness, compromises that had underpinned the p ost-welfare state gave way once more to conflict among labor and capital. This conflict embodies the final death rattle of capitalism before a revolution topples it. However, globalization utilised the Leninist release valve and stabilized the unconditional countries free market system. According to Harrison, cheap inputs and ample new markets for consumption allowed Western nations to resolve its crises of capitalism and legitimacy. He defines globalization as the establishment of world-wide ex converts in labour, flip-flop, technology, and capital between nations possessing different sparing, military, and political powers. Since globalization has an inherent pro-liberal, capitalist bias, it creates unfair exchanges. Harrison fights that the market for human body move follows this pattern and mimics other unequal exchanges between developed and maturation countries. In this particular market, the organ donors escape to originate from developing nations like India, Arge ntina, and China. The recipients tend to live in developed nations, with the most transplants performed in the US with Europe closely behind. Harrison defines this flow of organs and transplants as exploitation.All in all, the causes of globalization rest in capitalisms desperate bid for viability. However, Harrisons proposed causes for the start of globalization do not substantial make sense. His chronicle through the Marxist paradigm correctly pinpoints economic incentive as the overarching objective lens for globalization. Developed nations, full of goods and capital, perpetually search for outlets for their goods and for natural resource sources. This assumption fundamentally underlies the theory of the free market.However, Harrison looks to the 1970s, to the start of visible globalization, and links a crisis of capital accumulation to the economic turbulence of the 1970s. But, from the perspective presented in Kirshners article Keynes, Legacies and Inquiries, the problems in stead stem from supply-shocks, creating cost-push inflation and recession. A supply shock results in lacking(predicate) levels of aggregate supply to meet aggregate demand. The OPEC oil embargo of the mid-1970s, starting in 1973, delivered this effect and caused the strong stagflation of the time.Therefore, macroeconomics is partially in conflict with the Marxist view of globalization. Developed nations did not face a crisis of capital accumulation instead, they faced a crisis of productive capabilities. Due to the lack of crude oil, producers could not create nice goods to meet the demand. Therefore it makes more sense that developed nations pushed for a global providence to secure cheap natural resources, preferably than look for more sources of demand. The idea of capital accumulation crisis must be abandoned, along with the ominous predictions of violent revolution.After such considerations, a theory of macroeconomic Marxism succinctly locates the starting origins of global ization. However, this explanation delivers an progressively poor explanation for modern day globalization and its progression past initial causes. The economies of developing nations have gone through a tertiarization process, defined as the transition of an economy into predominantly service-oriented jobs. This change has led to decreased manu eventuring and decreased American exports. Marxism offered a convincing ancestry in the 1970s and untimely 1980s, when America had a large trade surplus and a minor trade shortage.However, Americas trade deficit has ballooned to astronomical proportions as the shift away from manufacturing has become more pronounced. Therefore, the idea of developed nations, or core states, exploiting and preying upon developing nations, or periphery states, for markets no longer makes sense. What can explain globalization in the 1990s through the modern day? With the rise of East Asian NICs, as Steven worns article names them, and developing nations li ke India and China, wealthy nations have grown increasingly qualified on their cheap goods.As these poorer manufacturing-based powers rise, they hold much more power on the world stage. Huntington supports this boldness in his article, The Clash of Civilizations, stating that non-Western civilizations no longer remain the objects of historybut join the West as the movers and shapers of history. This non-Western empowerment deeply contradicts all strains of Marxism, which contain some rich-poor exploitative element. Neo-Marxism and Harrisons fundamental argument places globalization in the context of wealthy nations using capitalism and unequal exchanges to take advantage of poorer nations.However, core states of economic power no longer completely dictate the rules of the game, and use periphery states as dumping cubic yard for goods. Instead, the opposite has occurred rising periphery states have begun to rapidly manufacture goods and export them to the core. This inversion of Marxism explains the continued push of globalization, now fueled by the flow of goods from developing to developed nations. This interaction can even be exploitative in the opposite direction. For example, America has accumulated an enormous trade deficit with China.This burgeoning trade deficit is very advantageous to China, strengthening the value of its currency. However, Kishner describes the deleterious effects of this occurrence in his article, stating that it forces the burden of international adjustments on deficit countries The disproportion also weakens the dollar and erodes confidence in its ability to store value. Gilpin also alludes to the positive and negative effects of a trade surplus in Politics of Transnational Economic Relations, mentioning how America tolerated the 1. 5 billion trade surplus that Japan enjoyed in the 1970s.America has tried to use hot air and diplomacy to resolve this issue but does not dare to use each stronger tools due to its colony on Chin a as a trade partner. In this example, China gains economic power at the expense of the American dollar. Developing countries sometimes occupy the throne of power on key issues this setback deeply contradicts Marxism. Finally, commercial liberalism can be used to understand the effects of globalization. According to commercial liberalist Richard Rosecrances article The Rise of the Trading State, trade, capitalism, and free markets are forces of peace.Commercial liberalists believe in the use of trade to forge communication and connections with other nations. Eventually, a net of economic interdependence will form, which discourages war. War in this environment destroys trade opportunities, and therefore, increases the political consequence of declaring war. These strains of thinkers in turn consider imperialist interests to be in utter conflict with trading interests. A country either chooses to embrace free markets and trade or impose heavy mercantilist restrictions.According to this theory, peace occurs when a country trades autonomy and the quest of national power for more extensive access to resources of the world. Markets further facilitate peace by allowing the spread of nuance and understanding. This trading and ethnical exchange eventually leads to a peaceful world of trading states, rather than various imperialist nations competing for hegemony. In Jihad vs. McWorld, barber identifies two occurrences closely linked to globalization that ironically oppose and fix each other simultaneously. First is the argument of a global macropeace, facilitated by global trade. neaten makes the argument that no nation is truly independent, connected by everything from the environment to pandemics. neaten further postulates that positive economic forces that have globalism as their conscious object act to bind nations together. These forces have also deeply decay national sovereignty as multinational corporations and international banking systems lack any nation al identity and do not reflect any particular nationhood. These global economic devices do not exist under the jurisdiction of any individual nation, which according to barber, has renewed efforts for international peace through an international economy.Concurrently, this system has also turned religion, culture, and ethnic identity into marginal elements of a working identity. This erosion of differences facilitates a peace throughout the world, with the pursuit of wealth undermining any war like tendencies. Furthermore, Barber talks about the mingle of culture as well as trade, describing this concept as a product of pop culture driven by expansionist commerce. The idea of globalization also refers to the cultural imperialism of the West.More youth well-nigh the world idoloize American pop culture figures, like Michael Jackson or Lady Gaga. Foreign children whoop it up Coco-Cola and salivate over Harley-Davidson motorcycles and Cadillac cars. American culture has permeated the entire world from pop icons to the golden arches of McDonalds this fact is undeniable. This intermingling of culture again facilitates cooperation and understanding between nations, decreasing the chance of war. Barbers argument is a convincing argument of commercial liberalism. The essence of this paradigms argument is the idea of commerce breeding interdependence.This fact could not be clearer now, during the most devastating economic collapse in over eighty years. As Eurozone nations flounder, the American stock markets dip and rise, based on news of their actions. This certainly smacks of a deep, systemic structure in which consequences for one nation affect many other nations as well. In such a system, a broad scale war would be most detrimentous, as damage to one nations economy would impact the whole. Furthermore, cultural exchanges between nations certainly seem to have brought people closer, as the world becomes an increasingly smaller place.This two-pronged event has cr eated a world where all-out war between states is now politically unseductive and economically unfathomable. Barbers analysis explains both the market independence and the increased level of cultural mixing in the world it also explains why wars between two nations have grown antiquated in the post-Cold War era. Nevertheless, a significant counterargument can be made through to this idea. Many argue that although much of the conflict is not between states, war does stillness exist.The whole world has not entered Barbers future tense in shimmery pastels, a busy portraitwith refrain music, fast computers, and fast food Even more would argue that much of the world abhors the cultural influence of the US, citing it as unrighteous or hedonistic. Huntington mentions a return-to-roots sensation among non-Western states, with states starting to turn in and focus on their own regional identities. With many nations like Saudi Arabia and Iran still practicing religious law passionately an d pockets of ethnic warfare still existing in Africa, it sometimes seems counterintuitive to talk of a global peace.However, the identification of a counter-reaction to the globalization can explain all these seeming contradictions. Barber identifies this point through the use of constructivism. Constructivism makes the argument that familiarity of the event does matter in truly understanding an international occurrence. In Henry Naus article, why We Fight over Foreign Policy, he strongly focuses on the political, economic, social identity of a state or states when defining constructivism, emphasizing the ideas, norms, and valuesthat shape their discourse and identity. Constructivists believe that ideas and ideology drive nations to act in certain ways, often creating positive relationships with similar countries and harboring hostility toward those different. Constructivism does have one major disadvantage it cannot make a policy prescription for a problem. However, it does often prove poignant in analysis of current events and in prediction of future events. This perspective is immensely effective in understanding Barbers argument and refuting the aforementioned criticism.His argument is bipartite after identifying the macropeace, he identifies a phenomenon that he nicknames jihad, referring to any violence motivated by dogmatic and violent particularism. This form of conflict relates to the construction of ones identity, whether by ethnicity, language, religion, etc. According to Barber, violence stems from people of differing identities resisting the homogenizing influence of globalization. It can be seen as a reactionary event to the growing uniformity of the world to Western cultural norms and ideas, facilitated by the unification of national markets.This return-to-roots search for identity eventually takes a violent form against those who have differing identities. This causes the various microwars, defined as most regional conflicts between two group s, rather than states. Barber cites examples of many people, fighting identity-based war on the pretext of self-determination, including Jews, Kurds, Arabs, and Ossetians. These conflicts are the essence of constructivism, isolating identity-based differences as a major source of international conflict. However, Barbers constructivist theory is not without detractors.Samuel Huntington, author of the Clash of Civilizations, has a different idea of the world. He describes vast swaths of land as individual civilizations and describes conflict on two levels the micro-level where small groups in different civilizations scrape and the macro-level where states from different civilizations for hegemony. He does not define terrorism as a reaction to American globalization and the erosion of Islamic identity, but instead as conflict between Islamic and Western civilizations.Barber contrastingly defines conflict as intracivilizational, rather than transcivilizational, between people without c ountries inhabiting nations that they just cannot call their own. Huntington also predicts that future conflict will grow bloodier, due to increasing awareness of civilizational divides and these conflicts will occur along the cultural fault lines separating civilizations. In opposition, Barber portends a future in which the macropeace will ultimately win out although, jihad will continue to be seen spontaneously.Despite the intuitive nature of Huntingtons theory and predictions, it is precisely too reductionist and parsimonious to adequately explain the complex world of international relations. He omits whole continents in his argument and completely assumes homogeneity at bottom civilizations. These criticisms are eloquently expressed in Katzensteins article A World of Plural and Pluralistic Civilizations. He voices the same fundamental disagreement as Barber, that civilizations are not internally uniform. He describes them, not as simply larger nations, but as loosely couple d and internally differentiated. This idea of differentiation supports Barbers assertions, agreeing with the idea of major clashes occurring within civilizations, rather than between civilizations. Katzenstein also references that this fact has been proven with both qualitative and statistical means. In this regard, Huntington seems rather flippant, disregarding empiricism for an intuitive, simple theory. Despite a smooth and logical premise, Huntingtons opinions about the world can be quickly refuted. Huntingtons predictions about the future also seem less spotless than Barbers, because Huntington neglects an important facet of the world.Huntington does not mention economic interdependence at all in his piece, despite its overwhelming influence in every facet of life. Utilizing Rosecranes theory of trading states, economic self-interest will cause the macropeace to win out, consistent with Barber. Globalization is unavoidable. Its methods and consequences are ubiquitous, from the food one chuck to the job prospects one faces. It has had both negative and positive effects on the world, facilitating both economic successfulness and global terrorism.The initial causes of globalization can be analyzed with a modified Marxist viewpoint. However, as the phenomenon has progressed, Marxism no longer provides a convincing argument. The intricate economic web connecting the nations of the world through globalization can be understood through commercial liberalism. The contrasting sectarian violence also resulting from globalization can be understood through constructivism. As globalization changes and as Americas role on the world stage grows, these analyses will mostly likely grow and develop as well.

War Destroys Trust: a Long Way Gone

War Destroys Trust In the daybook bulky Way Gone pariah Beah struggles between trust and survival in the midst of a drear warfare. He laments how, the war had destroyed the enjoyment of the very experience of meeting people throughout the book there ar m whatever examples of this upsetting truth. The consequences of this mistrust in people are clear as he travels through Sierra Leon while being incessantly threatened and assumed a particle of the RUF. Most of this book is near the ongoing struggle within outcast between trying to go on alive and deciding who to trust.The phenomena of war and trust can coexist only if you have an ability to separate your friends from enemies. Ishmael struggles throughout the book to stay alive, and thus decides to trust no one, but this could be injurious to his survival. Ishmael gives an example of the repeated mistrust he encounters saying Many times during our journey we were bear on by muscular men with machetes who almost killed us be fore they realized we were retributory children running off from the war. A repose old man in a village once told Ishmael and his friends, My children this country has lost its good heart.People dont trust each early(a) anymore explaining just how much trust had been destroyed and replaced with fear and accusation. Because of the continuous mistrust in the country when Ishmael has any contact with a new person they automatically suspect each other, and things become very tense. In chapter fifteen Ishmael and his travel companions come across the ocean for the first time, but the excitement is brusque lived. They soon find themselves in a virulent fishing village which heard the rumor about the, seven boys and believed them to be rebels.They attacked the boys and took away their shoes, chased away from the village they were forced to walk on burning at the stake sand for hours. The mistrust of the fisherman caused these boys great pain and suffering, but luckily they got through it with the help of a benevolent fisherman, we stayed in the hut for a week. Our host brought us food and water every sunrise and night. After spending months in the forest a morose Ishmael finally comes into contact with some young people his age, Alhaji, Musa, Kanei, Jumah, Saidu, and Moriba.They all immediately froze in fear until Ishmael smiled to break the tension, and wherefore talked about how they were going to Yele and he decided to follow them. This was most likely a lifesaving decision, he decided to trust them and in turn they trusted him and helped each other survive. They provided emotional support for each other throughout their journey such as when Kanei tried to talk to Ishmael for the first time, He tapped me on the shoulder as if he knew what I had experienced.Circumstances will change and things will be fine, just take charge on a little more, he said, tapping my shoulder again and nodding. Mistrust and war are two inseparable concepts, mistrust leads to war and war leads to mistrust. This is clearly shown throughout the novel Ishmael conveys how war and fear combined can lead to savage thoughts and behaviors. He did not recognize himself any interminable because he did not trust others or even himself. Through what he had seen and what he had done he was permanently separated from who he once was. Within a three year span Ishmael became in his own words, a long way gone.

Policy makers

This also refers to both the dynamic discussions that continuously take place across a ide range Of curricular issues and the evolutionary thinking about concepts and approaches in political program breeding. Changes in society evermore demand new knowledge and skills and require the continuous development of our educational system. This book focuses on the avocation questions How do fulfilles of computer program of curriculum development evolve? What actually is curriculum? And how to ensure the quality of curricular products?This book also provide the teachers, educators, policy makers and other parties involved in educational development with a clear and concise introduction onto the tricks of the trade of curriculum development. CHAPTER 1 CURRICULUM AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT The actually short definition of curriculum as a plan for learning, used by the American Hills Tab in 1 962 is reflected by related terms in many languages, including the classical Dutch term learn wh ich permits all sort of elaboration for specific curricular levels, contexts and representations.A first, extremely useful, indication appears to be a specification of the level of curriculum and curriculum development namely SUPRA, MACRO, MESS, MICRO, ANNA. A second, clarifying distinction concerns the different forms in which curricula can be represented in the following three levels intended, implemented and attained. The core and the nineteenths of the so-called Spider Web refers to the ten parts of the curriculum, each concerning an aspect of learning and the learning coder for learners.The components Rationale, Aims and Objectives, Content, Learning Activities, Teacher Role, Materials and Resources, Grouping, Location, Time and Assessment argon basis for curriculum design and innovation. Curriculum development is focused on the improvement and innovation of education. During this process, desires and ideals are incorporated in a cyclic process of design, implementation, an d evaluation to achieve concrete results in practice.This chapter describes the processes of curriculum development at three levels within the educational system national level (macro), school level (mess), and pupil level (micro). Curriculum development at macro level focuses on the development of generic curricular frameworks. An all-important(prenominal) challenge in the development of these frameworks is to meet with the great diversity of societal demands on education.Schools build on synergy between curriculum development, teacher development and school organization development. For curriculum innovation to be successful, it is important that the schools innovation ambitions are in line with the teachers commitment and their willingness to change, the abilities of the different teams, the culture and the infrastructure of the school. Curricular products that are developed at micro level include lesson trials and resources.For teachers who strive to put the innovation into pra ctice, lesson materials that are exemplary are important carriers of the intended innovation. The quality of education is often subject for debate. There are different ways in which people assess the quality of curriculum relevance, consistency, practicality and effectiveness. The quality criteria more or less build on one another. Whether a curriculum effective will also depend on the practicality can it be implemented as intended? ND On the relevance and consistency of the intended objectives and content components. In the list of quality criteria a distinction has been made between the expected and the actual practicality and the effectiveness of a curriculum. Concerning teaching materials, for example, the expected practicality and effectiveness can be assessed through screening of the materials by teachers. In mark to develop a high-quality curriculum, evaluation is of great importance.During the curriculum development process, the emphasis on implementation reveals itself on the following ways analysis of lessons from past and of current use in practice, intensive deliberation with the bulls eye group and other stakeholders, formative evaluation of preliminary designs, assessment in an increasingly wide mobilize of schools, formulation of recommendations for the professional support of teacher and the other team, and contribute to the professional development of educational us providers of institutions that can organize activities.Moreover, the placement of the schools organization and culture is also essential to ensure sustainable curriculum changes within the school. Collaboration among all sections and levels in and around the school is an important precondition for sustainable educational development. Harvests and Shirley (2009) also draw attention to the importance Of broad ownership and the shared responsibility for sustainable innovation. The quick involvement of relevant social organizations- from parents to trade and industry will also fo ster broad cosmos support for and commitment to innovations.

Child Obesity Essay

Child obesity has reached epidemic proportions in countries such as the United States, and is a growing issue that has profound consequences of somatogenic and emotional development in children. Obesity is largely the issuing of lack of exercise and dietary lifestyle choices that promote weight gain, and when these habits begin early in childhood they have a strong potential to persist for the rest of an individuals life. The detrimental effect of obesity have led to a rise in skyrocketing diseases, with diabetes being at the top of the list. Unfortunately, diabetic children are at greater risk of developing heights cholesterol and hypertension, also increasing the chances of torment from heart complications. Medical bills and office visits seem to be growing alongside their weight, collectable to the major health problems many face from being overweight.Many factors contributing to child obesity are associated with dietary habits, physical inactivity, and socio-economic sta tus. In the article Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors researchers conclude that obesity in childhood leads to twain immediate and long-term health consequences, including an increased risk of developing diabetes, high blood embrace, high cholesterol, asthma, go problems, and an overall poor health status. The researchers point out that a third of high blood pressure cases and 88 to 97% of cases of type II diabetes are a result of obesity. Furthermore, their research draws attention to the correlation coefficient between obesity and congestive heart failure, heart attack, sudden cardiac death, abnormal heart rhythms, and how high cholesterol and hypertension in overweight individuals place them at even a greater risk of stroke.The authors add, in a population based sample 70% of obese youths had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although the research points out a strong link between obesity and many chronic diseases, it is a health issue that can be prevented by encouraging children to exercising regular exercise and to focus on choosing healthier foods for their body. The opportunity for children to consume an abundance of fast food than earlier generations has created vast opportunities for adolescents to become obese. The high consumption of sugary foods and drinks with minimal nutritional value, particularly in school cafeterias has become a primary culprit. It is highly evident that the majority of food options in schools forbear high caloric starched carbohydrates loaded with tons of grease, oil, cream, cheese, and butter.Tragically the junk foods offered in schools are increasing the likeliness of diabetes and other major health problems, so it is of utmost importance to increase education and government interventions due to childhood obesity increasing worldwide. Educated families of full-blooded dietary options, and transforming unhealthy cafeteria school meals, will greatly increase a wareness and improve the overall health of children lives. To help address the childhood obesity problem, the original Lady, Michelle Obama has initiated the campaign Lets Move which aimed to influence healthy eating habits in children by providing healthier lunch options in schools, and to do this she helped pass a bill to increase funding for school cafeterias to put back their unhealthy foods with salad bars.The First Lady also worked with the American Beverage Association to develop clearer calorie labels for soda. thither is a severe challenge in low-income neighborhoods, being bombarded with fast food joints and very few healthy supermarkets. Many families are not able purchase nutritious meals, nor wholesome organic fruits, vegetables, and meat.

Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay

Still recognized as one of the literary giants of America, Langston Hughes played an important role as a writer and thinker of the Harlem Renaissance. This was an artistic movement of African Americans that arose during the 1920s to celebrate the lives and culture of Africans in the United States (Langston Hughes). Because most of the African Americans had been brought to the New World as slaves of white masters, it was poets and writers similar Hughes, an African American man, that helped to change the perception of African Americans in the musical themes of the whites erstwhile slavery had been abolished.Hughes poesys, The inkiness Speaks of Rivers published in 1926, and lightlessness published in 1958, therefore depict African Americans as ordinary human beings like everybody else, and yet richer in culture and civilization than many opposites, seeing that they permit bureauicipated in the construction of the great pyramids, mentioned in both poems (Hughes, 2007 Hughes). Hughes was direct and open about the fact that his literary productions were meant to uplift the conditions confronting Africans in the United States (Hughes, 1923). They had been slaves, so therefore the whites did not respect them enough even aft(prenominal) the abolishment of slavery.The blackamoor Speaks of Rivers was published five years after the Tulsa Riot and during the Harlem Renaissance (Race Riot, Lynchings, and another(prenominal) Forms of Racism in the 1920s). Negro, on the other hand, was published at a time when racism was considered a bigger problem than before. In fact, during the 1950s racism was at the forefront of American vox populi (Lewis, 2002). Many battles were fought to sterilise blacks equal to whites in the minds of all Americans. Hughes contribution of the 1950s, his poem Negro, was only different to the point that it was an artists contribution.Countless other Africans were fighting on the streets of America to set things right once and for all. Both poems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Negro, are expressions of African American identity. The first poem begins thus Ive know rivers (Hughes). In the second as in the first, although the poet has make clear that the narrator is a negro the poem, Negro begins with the words, I am a Negro (Hughes, 2007). Because the whites had been masters over African slaves, they were inclined to look overthrow upon Africans. Since the whites were proclaimers of property in America and certainly richer, the blacks longed to be like the whites.But, Hughes would like the Africans to feel at syndicate in their own skins. With images of rivers as grand as of the Euphrates, the Nile and the Mississippi the poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, reminds the African of his or her historic roots or the history of the great African peoples who have traveled across all of these rivers adding think of to the historical streams of cultures. The poem has irregular, long lines without rhythm because it is making a basic point the African brain is as profoundly as any human soul could be. The African individual indulges in racy thinking as he travels across ancient rivers.What he must dwell on is his own identity on foreign soil. Remembering the history of his civilization, he must keep in mind that life carries on. Whats more, the poet reminds his fellow African that the black race has survived despite all odds (Hughes). Because The Negro Speaks of Rivers was published during the peak of Harlem Renaissance, it meets to depth of the African soul, given that art is often understood as the illustration of the soul and the Harlem Renaissance was all about promoting African art and culture in the United States. utilise gentle images such as the Mississippis bosom turning golden in the sunset, the poet uses his vehemence on rivers to stand as a symbol for the depth of the African soul (Hughes). Negro, published during the 1950s also mentions depths (Hughes, 2007). As in The Negro Sp eaks of Rivers, the depths mentioned by Hughes in both poems most likely refer to the depth of African knowledge too. After all, both poems refer to the history of Africans.Negro, with its sentence arrangements describing either what had happened to Africans or what they have done in the history of the African civilization also makes mention of the experiences and/or skills that set Africans apart, for example, slavery and singing (Hughes, 2007). The poet represents all Africans in both his poems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Negro. What is more, both poems mention the fact that the Africans were part of the labor force that built the ancient pyramids. In The Negro Speaks of Rivers, it was the African who looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it (Hughes).In Negro, the pyramid is said to have arisen under the African hand, implying that the African was greatly skilled even at the time of ancient pyramid construction (Hughes, 2007). The main difference between the two poems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Negro is, undoubtedly, the spirit of swear felt through the first poem versus the sense of despair mixed with hope in the second poem. Hughes must have composed The Negro Speaks of Rivers in a different assemble of mind altogether. The poem clearly promotes the African American culture and art as originating in the deep history of humanity (Hughes).Although Negro makes mention of world history too, it does not necessarily promote African American art, apart from its reference to singing. The African American may be considered as more of a laborer or low paid worker than an artist in Negro (Hughes, 2007). Perhaps the poem was not written to promote African American art at all. As mentioned previously, the 1950s truism the whites and blacks of America fighting over the question of equal rights of Africans in almost all major areas of affirm functioning, including education. There were severe problems related to racism during this period of Am erican history.Clearly, blacks were being looked down upon. It was in the humor of that hour that Hughes composed Negro. The poem speaks of the ordinariness of the African individual while describing the good uses that Africans have been made of, for example, in the construction of the Woolworth Building (Hughes, 2007). The Negro Speaks of Rivers is certainly not dismal or depressing like Negro, mainly because it does not make mention of slavery and victimization as the second. After all, Hughes is fighting against dark toward African Americans in the 1950s.In the 1920s, his cause was entirely different. If The Negro Speaks of Rivers had made frequent mention of tail as does Negro, the Harlem Renaissance could not have been considered a harbinger of hope (Hughes, 2007). References Hughes, L. (2007, Dec 2). Negro. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//amandafa. blogspot. com/2007/12/negro-by-langston-hughes. html. . (1926, Jun 23). The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Natio n. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/45a/360. html. . The Negro Speaks of Rivers.Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//www. wmrfh. org/dcrews/index_files/Hughes_The%20Negro%20Speaks%20of%20Rivers. doc. Langston Hughes. Americas bill from Americas Library. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/aa/hughes. Lewis, C. H. (2002). The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//www. colorado. edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/civil. htm. Race Riot, Lynchings, and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http//www. assumption. edu/ahc/raceriots/default. html.